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題名：從技術因素與交易成本觀點探討產業分工型態之決定—國際化下臺灣資訊電子產業之實證
作者：陳木榮
作者(外文)：Chen MuJung
校院名稱：國立政治大學
系所名稱：企業管理學系
指導教授：賴士葆
溫肇東
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2000
主題關鍵詞：技術因素；交易成本；產業分工型態；委託代工；technology factor；transaction cost；industria；division-of -labor mode；sibcontracting
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論 文 摘 要
多國籍企業與臺灣廠商在產銷價值鏈的切割與分工，不但促進了多國籍企業的全球競爭力，同時也提升了臺灣廠商在製造技術、產品設計能力與國際行銷能力的水準。傳統上的國際企業理論多從多國籍企業的角度，以「海外直接投資理論」來探討類似現象。因此國際產品壽命週期理論、交易成本理論、國際化歷程理論所得的結論固然有助於釐清跨國策略聯盟行為的動機與現象，但對於台灣企業國際化、全球化的涵義，則仍舊缺乏深入的探索。從廣義經濟活動的層次來看，臺灣廠商的代工行為亦為產業的跨國分工型態；彼此切入不同產銷價值鏈。而從廠商個體來看，則是廠商對於其產銷交易的「自製與外購」決策的考量。
本研究係從交易成本理論著手，探討交易成本屬性中的資產專職性與交易不確定對於台灣廠商切入跨國產銷價值鏈的影響效果。基本上乃是重製交易成本理論的研究，驗證其對於台灣產業的解釋能力。其次，則是將技術因素導入分析架構，從外在的產業技術特性以及廠商內部的技術資源與能力，進一步探討技術因素對於台灣與多國籍企業分工型態的影響。最後則是以技術因素做為中介變數，之間探討其對於交易成本與跨國廠商間產業分工型態關係的影響。
經由問卷調查法，針對臺灣資訊電子廠商進行實證研究，並以統計方法檢定各項假設。實證結果發現，交易成本屬性中資產專職性會影響廠商對於產業分工型態的選擇；至於交易不確定的效果則不顯著，且為負向關係。其次，技術因素中的產業技術特性以及廠商技術資源能力均顯著影響廠商對於產業分工型態的選擇。有關交互作用方面，交易不確定性與產業技術標準化程度高低，以及資產專職性與廠商產品技術資源能力高低之間的效果顯著。
本研究的主要貢獻在於補充交易成本理論對於產業分工的解釋，尤其對於技術決定經濟活動協調型態的能力的探討，初步的實證結果支持可能是屬於所謂的「半強勢型態」，而非Williamson所認定的「半弱勢型態」或「弱勢型態」。
最後，本研究依據理論架構及實證發現，進一步提出對於跨國產業分工相關的理論涵義、廠商實務的應用以及後續研究方向的建議。
Thesis Abstract
Multinational corporations (MNCs) of American and European countries have outsourced the manufacturing service from Taiwan firms, especially in the information and electronics industries.. The division of labor in the manufacturing / marketing value-chain not only strengthened the competitiveness of the MNC, but also developed and upgraded Taiwan firms’ capability in the field of process technology, product design and international marketing activities. Such a phenomenon has aroused academic interests and invited a growing body of research papers.
However, those studies adopted foreign direct investment (FDI) theory to explain MNCs’ outsourcing behavior, and most have taken the viewpoint of MNCs. Although international product life cycle theory, transaction cost analysis (TCA) and internationalization stage theory were instrumental to understand the motives and outcomes of cross-border strategic alliances, yet they rarely looked deeply into hardly and cast little light on the globalization behavior of Taiwan firms or others like Korea, Singapore, and so on. In terms of the macro-economic activities, Taiwan firms’ subcontracting services for MNCs can be treated as cross-national division-of-labor of a particular industry, both parties focused on different roles and functions along the industry value activities chain. On the other hand, from Taiwan firms’ viewpoints, it is concerned with the make-or-buy decision of marketing efforts.
Firstly, This paper also takes the stand of TCA to study the impact of asset specificity and transaction uncertainty on Taiwan firms involvement in the cross-border manufacturing-marketing value activities chain. Basically, this is duplication of TCA, however, it is a systematic examination of TCA validity in the Taiwan industry context. Secondly, this paper brings technology factors into the analytic framework, namely, to investigate the influence of technology on the division-of-labor mode between MNCs and Taiwan firms. As we can see, the technology factors can be analyzed form two different levels, which include industry technologic characteristics and firms’ own technologic capabilities. Finally, this paper examine any possible interaction between attributes of transaction cost and technology factors.
The sampling frame was composed of Taiwan firms in information and electronics industry. The questionnaires have been sent to the managers of sales department or manufacturing. The returned questionnaires were analyzed by suitable statistical methods. The statistical analysis results showed that asset specificity could influenced the firms’ choice of industrial division-of-labor mode, but uncertainty wouldn’t affect the firms’ choice. Besides, industrial technological characteristics and firms’ technologic capabilities had significant impact on firms’ choice to enter industrial division-of-labor mode.
The main contribution of this study is to complement TCA explanation in industrial division-of-labor mode, especially dealing with the influence of technology on the coordination of economic activities in a certain industry. The primarily data and analysis result supported the influence of technology was semi-strong form, rather than semi-weak form or weak-form, as Williamson argued.
Finally, this paper provides some suggestions on theoretical implication, managerial application and further research direction.
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