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題名:Michael Oakeshott 政治思想中的自由觀
作者:陳世玉
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:政治學系
指導教授:陳思賢
學位類別:博士
出版日期:1999
主題關鍵詞:理性主義融貫性機緣性共和社群事業社群rationalismcoherencecontingencycivil associationenterprise association
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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Michael Oakeshott政治思想的定位與旨趣,學界的看法相當分歧,這是由於Michael Oakeshott的政治思想自成獨特風格,難以歸屬哪種主義或宗派,Maurice Cranston說得好:「(Michael Oakeshott)是一個傳統信仰相當薄弱的傳統主義者,一個比起許多實證主義者具有更多懷疑精神的唯心主義者,一個排斥自由主義者的自由愛好者,一個對於黑格爾的喜愛大於對於洛克的喜愛的個人主義者,一個反對百科全書學派的哲學家,一個浪漫主義者(如果休姆也可以被稱為浪漫主義者的話),並且具有強烈的個人風格。Michael Oakeshott的聲音是獨特的!」
本論文爬梳Michael Oakeshott的性格及時代環境,從而以為自由是他的思想旨趣,爰以「Michael Oakeshott政治思想中的自由觀」為題,來探討並闡釋Michael Oakeshott的政治思想。
Michael Oakeshott的政治思想是紮根於其獨特的哲學體系之上的,在探究Michael Oakeshott政治思想的時候,如果不與其哲學思想聯繫起來,將難以適切地掌握其政治思想。本論文以為Michael Oakeshott的哲學,可以「一」與「多」之間的關係,來加以把握。具體地說,Michael Oakeshott的整個哲學圖像是哲學居於「一」的地位,行消極監守之責,俾無數的「多」,即經驗諸模式
(歷史、科學及實踐等),在其各自的個性與範疇之內自由而積極地運作。此種「一」與「多」的關係也是Michael Oakeshott自由觀的主軸。
對於Michael Oakeshott而言,自由與個性是他的終極關懷。此種主張在西方政治思想中並不稀奇。Michael Oakeshott特殊之處在於把自由與個性依託於傳統與法治,蓋於他而言,惟在傳統與法治始能維持前述的「一」與「多」的關係,從而確保與發揚自由與個性。
論文結論部分以為,Michael Oakeshott的理想國度恰似一個優美詩境,在現代社會只可作為衡量國家與政治的正當性的一個批判性標準,對於現代人們逕相透過國家及政治的力量來獲得實質的利益或目標得過熱現象,或許可以有醍醐灌頂的作用,可以讓我們暫時停下汲汲營營的腳步,聆聽我們內在真實的聲音,並關照我們真正的自性,做個自我具足的人。
參考文獻
一、Michael Oakeshott的著作
I.書籍
Experience and its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press), 1933.
The Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe
(Cambridge University Press), 1942.
Hobbes’s Leviathan (edited with an introduction; Oxford:
Basil Blackwell), 1946.
Hobbes on Civil Association (Berkeley: University of
California Press), 1975.
On History and Other Essays (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and
Noble),1983.
On Human Conduct (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 1975.
Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (London: Methuen &
Co. Ltd.), 1962.
The Voice of Liberal Learning: Michael Oakeshott on Education
(Edited by Timothy Fuller. New Haven and London: Yale
University Press), 1989.
Religion, Politics and the Moral Life(Edited by Timothy
Fuller. New Haven and London: Yale University Press),
1993.)
The Politics of Faith and the Politics of Scepticism (Edited
by Timothy Fuller. New Haven and London: Yale University
Press), 1996.
II.短篇論文
“The New Bentham”, Scrutiny 1 (1932-3): 114-31.
“Thomas Hobbes”, Scrutiny 4(1935-6): 263-77.
“The Concept of a Philosophical Jurisprudence”, Politica, 3
(1938): 203-22, 345-60.
“Contemporary British Politics”, The Cambridge Journal 1
(1947-48): 474-90.
“Science and Society”, The Cambridge Journal 1 (1947-8):
689-97.
“The Universities”, The Cambridge Journal 2(1948-49): 515-
42.
“J.D.Mabbot: The State and the Citizen”, Mind 58(1949): 378-
89.
“Rational Conduct”, The Cambridge Journal 4(1950-1): 3-27.
“The Idea of a University”, The Listener 43(1950): 424-26.
“Rationalism in Politics: A Reply to Professor Raphael”,
Political Studies 13(1965): 89-92.
“The Vocabulary of a Modern European State”, Political
Studies 23(1975): 319-41,409-14.
“Talking Politics”, The National Review 17(December 5,
1975): 1345-57,1423-28.
“On Misunderstanding Human Conduct: A Reply to Professor
Raphael”, Political Theory 4(August 1976): 353-67.
“The Masses in Representative Democracy”, in William F.
Buckley, Jr.(ed.), American Conservative Thought in the
Twentieth Century(New York: Bobbs-Merrill): 103-23.
III.書評
Review of Science, Religion and Reality, ed. J. Needham. Journal of Theological Studies (1926): 317-19.
Review of The Principles of Politics, by G. E. G. Catlin. The
Cambridge Review 51(1929-30): 400.
Review of What is Conservatism?, by K. Feiling. The Cambridge
Journal 51(1929-30): 512.
Review of The State, by M. Ruthnaswamy, The Cambridbe Journal 54
(1932-33): 359.
Review of Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800, by
Otto Gierke(translated by E. Barker). The Cambridge
Review 56(1934-35): 11-12.
Review of Morals and Politics, by E. F. Carritt. The Cambridge
Review 56(1934-35): 449.
Review of The Political Philosophies of Plato and Hegel, by M.
B. Foster. The Cambridge Review 57 (1935-36): 74.
Review of The Political Philosophy of Hobbes, by L. Strauss.
The Cambridge Review 57 (1936-37): 150.
Review of Bernard Bosanquet’s Philosophy of the State, by B.
Pfannenstill. Philosophy 11 (1936): 482-83.
Review of The Historical Element in Religion, by C. Webb. The
Jouranl of Theological Studies 37(1936): 96-97.
Review of The Political Philosophy of Hobbes, by L. Strauss.
Philosophy 12(1937): 239-41.
Review of The Principles of Art, by R. G. Collingwood. The
Cambridge Review 59(1937-38): 487.
Review of Politics and Morals, by B. Croce, Philosophy 21
(1946): 184.
Review of The Idea of History, by R. G. Collingwood. The
English Historical Review 62(1947): 84-86.
Review of The State and the Citizen, by J. D. Mabbott. The
Cambridge Review 2(1948-49): 316, 318.
Review of The State and the Citizen, by J. D. Mabbott. Mind 58
(1949): 378-89.
Review of Socialism and Ethics, by H. Selsam. The Cambridge
Journal 2 (1948-49): 763-74.
Review of Modern Capitalism and Economic Progress, by T.
Wilson. The Cambridge Journal 4 (1950-51): 504-6.
Review of An Introduction to the Philosophy of History, by W.
H. Walsh. Philosophical Quarterly 2(1952): 276-77.
Review of Anarchy and Order, by M. Duverger. Spectator 192
(1954): 593-94.
Review of Political Parties, by M. Duverger. Spectator 193
(1954): 92-93.
Review of The Conservative Mind, by R. Kirk. Spectator 193
(1954): 472,474.
Review of Sovereignty, by B. de Jouvenel. Crossbow 1(1957):
43-4.
Review of Between Past and Future, by H. Arendt. Political
Science Quarterly 77(1962): 88-90.
Review of The Conservative Opportunity, by the Bow Group. New
Society 6(1965): 26-27.
Review of Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, by Karl
Marx. Edited by J. O’Malley. Spectator 226(1971): 192-93.
Review of The Politics of Motion: the World of Thomas Hobbes,
by T. Spragens. Government and Opposition 9(1974): 237-44.
Review of Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State, by S. Avineri.
European Studies Review 5(April 1975): 217-20.
二、討論Michael Oakeshott 的著作
I.書籍
Charles Covell Defense of Natural Law--Study of the Ideas of
Law and Justice in the Writings of Lon L. Fuller, Michael Oakeshott, F. A. Hayek, Ronald Dworkin and John Finnis
(Macmillan Press, 1992).
Robert Devigne Recasting Conservatism(New Haven and London:
Yale University Press, 1994).
Anthony Farr Sartre’s Radicalism and Oakeshott’s
Conservatism--The Duplicity of Freedom(Macmillan Press,
1998).
Paul Franco The Political Philosophy of Micaael Oakeahott(New
Haven and London: University of Yale Press, 1990).
Robert Grant Oakeshott(London: The Claridge Press, 1990).
W. H. Greenleaf Michael Oakeshott’ Philosophical Politics
(London: Longman Green, 1966).
Jasse Norman The Achievement of Michael Oakeshott(London:
Gerald DuckWorth& Co. Ltd., 1993).
II.短篇文章
J.R. Archer “Oakeshott on Politics”, Journal of Politics 41
(1979): 150-68.
N.Ashford “Michael Oakeshott and the Conservative
Disposition”, Intercollegiate Review, 25(Spring 1990): 35-
50.
J.L. Auspitz “Individuality, Civility, and Theory: the
Philosophical Imagination of Michael Oakeshott”, Poitical
Theory 4(August 1976): 261-94.
W. Baumgarth “Habit and Discovery: the Political Philosophy of
Michael Oakeshott”, Political Science Reviewer, 7(1977):
73-323.
R.N. Berki “Oakeshott’s Conception of Civil Association:
Notes for a Critical Analysis”, Political Studies, 29
(1981): 570-85.
A.H. Birch “Historical Explanation and the Study of
Politics”, Government and Opposition, 4(1969): 215-30.
J.G. Blumler “Politics, Poetry and Practice”, Political
Studies, 12(1964): 356-61.
D. Boucher “The Creation of the Past: British Idealism and
Michael Oakeshott’s Philosophy of History”, History and
Theory, 23(1984): 193-214.
------“Overlap and Autonomy: the Different Worlds of
Collingwood and Oakeshott”, Storia, 4(1989): 69-89.
------“Politics in a Different Mode: an Apppreciation of
Michael Oakeshott”, History of Political Thought, 12
(1991): 717-28.
J.M. Brown “A Note on Professor Oakeshott Oakeshott’s
Introduction to the Leviathan”, Political Studies, 1
(1953): 53-64.
------“Hobbes: a Rejoinder”, Political Studies, 2(1954):
168-72.
J. Casey “Mankind in Conversation: the Philosophy of Michael
Oakeshott and its Misunderstandings”, Times Literary
Supplement,(29 March. 1991): 3-4(Review of R. Grant,
Oakeshott).
W.J. Coats, Jr. “Michael Oakeshott as Liberal Theorist”,
Canadian Journal of Political Science, 18(1985): 773-87.
C. Covell “Practices and Persons: Strawson and Oakeshott”,
Cambridge Review, 100(1978): 161-72.
M. Cranston “Michael Oakeshott: a Conservative Sceptic”,
Encounter, 28(January 1967): 82-86.
------“Remembrances of Michael Oakeshott”, Political Theory,
19(1991): 323-6.
B. Crick “The World of Michael Oakeshott: or a Lonely
Nihilist”, Encounter 20(June 1963): 65-6,68,70-4.
------“The Ambiguity of Michael Oakeshott”, Cambridge Review,
112(October 1991): 120-4.
H. Davis “Poetry and the Voice of Michael Oakeshott”, British
Journal of Aesthetics 15(1975): 59-68.
R.E. Dowling “Oakeshott’s Theory of Reason, Tradition and
Conservatism”, Australian Journal of Politics and History 5
(1959): 51-63.
G. Feaver “The Enduring and Elusive Legacy of Michael
Oakeshott”, Studies in Political Thought 1(1992): 95-121.
R.B. Friedman “Oakeshott on the Authority of Law”, Ratio
Juris 2(1989): 27-40.
R.A.D. Grant “Conservative Thinkers: Michael Oakeshott: the
Poet of Practice”, Salisbury Review 1(Spring 1983): 12-16.
------“Inside the Hedge: Oakeshott’s Early Life and Work”,
Cambridge Review 112(october 1991): 106-9.
J.N. Gray “F.A. Hayek on Liberty and Tradition”, Journal of
Libertarian Studies 4(1980): 119- 37.
------“Oakeshott on Law, Liberty and Civil Association”, The
World and I(September 1998)reprinted in Liberalisms:
Essays in Political Philosophy(London: Routledbe, 1989):
199-216.
D.Hall&T.Modood “Oakeshott and the Impossibility of
Philosophical Politics”, Politicsal Studies 30(1982): 157-
76.
I. Holliday “On Michael Oakeshott”, Government and Opposition
27(1992), 131-47.
S.R. Letwin “Oakeshott: Freedom in the Modern European
State”, in Concepts of Liberty in Political Theory, ed.
J.N. Gray and Z. Pelczynski(London: Athlone Press, 1984):
289-320.
John Liddington “Oakeshott:Freedom in a Modern European
State”, in Conception of Liberty in Political Philosophy,
ed. Z.Pelzynski and J.Gray(New York:St. Martin Press,
1984): 311-334.
D.N. MacCormick “Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some
Problems”, Ratio Juris 2(1989): 41-54.
D.R. Mapel “Civil Association and the Idea of Contingency”,
Political Theory 18(1990): 392-410.
K. Minogue “Oakeshott and the Idea of Freedom”, Quadrant
(October 1975): 77-83.
D.L. Norton “Tradition and Autonomous Individuality”, Journal
of Vale Enquiry 21(1987): 131-40.
R. Price “Memories of Michael Oakeshott”, Cambridge Review 112
(October 1991): 117-20.
J.D. Rayner “The Legend of Oakeshott’s Conservatism:
Sceptical Philosophy and Limited Politics”, Canadian
Journal of Political Science 18(1985): 313-38.
蔡英文 “麥可-歐克秀(Michael Oakeshott)的市民社會理論”,中央
研究院中山人文社會科學研究所政治社群研討會論文(八十三年十一
月).
------“麥可-歐克秀的自由憲政理論與政治之概念”,中央研究院中山
人文社會科學研究所自由憲政理論研討會論文(八十八年五月).
陳思賢 “古典的理想--區克夏”,收錄於當代政治心靈(台北: 正中
書局,1991).
------“政治哲學: 政治生活的解釋或意識形態的表達?--區克夏政治哲
學初探”,政治科學論叢 第三期(1991).
------“嫡系血統的英國保守主義: 區克夏的後作--增訂版的政治中的理
性主義”,東吳政治學報 第三期(1994).
------“區克夏論政治社群”,政治科學論叢 第六期(1995).
------“近代自由主義政治的古典前驅:希臘化時代反城邦政治與自然法
的興起”(尚未正式刊印).
III.討論Michael Oakeshott 的學位論文
F.J. Abbate Politics and Principles: a Critique of Michael
Oakeshott’s Conception of Rational Conduct(Columbia
University, Ph.D.thesis, 1970).
B.K. Barnett On the Relation of Politics and Philosophy in the
Thought of Michael Oakeshott(Rutgers: the State University
of NewJersey: New Brunswick, Ph.D.thesis, 1986).
W.J. Coats, Jr Michael Oakeshott and the Character of Experience
(University of Colorado, Ph.D.thesis, 1978).
S. Coleman Reason in Tradition: the Political Philosophy of
Michael Oakeshott(Columbia University, Ph.D.thesis, 1966).
I. Holliday Individuality, Rationality, Civility. Michael
Oakeshott’s Writings on Politics(Oxford University,
Ph.D.thesis, 1989).
J.H. Liddington The Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott and its
Relation to Politics(Oxford University, Ph.D.thesis, 1986).
C. Phillips John Stuart Mill and Michael Oakeshott: a case
study of some differences in social policy and philosophical
theory(City University, New York, Ph.D.thesis, 1976).
A. Sullivan Intimations Pursued: the Voice of Practice in the
Conversation of Michael Oakeshott(Harvard University,
Ph.D.thesis, 1990).
I.D. Tregenza A Twentieth Century Leviathan: the Hobbesian
Dimension of Michael Oakeshott’s Political Theory
(University of New South Wales, Ph.D. 1996).
Y.W. Tsaih History and Politics in Michael Oakeshott’s and
Hannah Arendt’s Political Thought(York University, Ph.D.
1993).
IV.其他著作
R.G. Collingwood The Idea of History(Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1946).
C. Covell The Redefinition of Conservatism: Politics and
Doctrine(Basingstoke: Macmillian, 1986).
H.M. Drucker The Political Uses of Ideology(London: Macmillan,
1974).
P. King& B.C. Parekh(eds.)Politics and Experience. Essays
Presented to Professor Michael Oakeshott on the Occasion of
his Retirement(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1968).
D.J. Manning& T.J. Robinson The Place of Ideology in Political
Life(London: Croom Helm, 1985).
A. Quinton The Politics of Imperfection(London: Faber and
Faber, 1978).
R. Scruton The Meaning of Conservatism(Harmondworth,
Middlesex: Penguin, 1980).
J. Rawls 黃丘隆譯 正義論(台北:結構群出版社,1990).
何信全 海耶克自由理論研究(台北:聯經出版社 1991).new window
Isaiah Berlin 陳曉林譯 自由四論(台北:聯經出版社 1977).
※Jasse Norman所編輯的The Achievement of Michael Oakeshott一書,其中自第107至143頁共計36頁附錄John Liddington 所彙整的Michael Oakeshott相關文獻目錄(包括Michael Oakeshott自己的著作及其他學者對他所做的研究著作),是截至目前為最完整的Michael Oakeshott文獻目錄。
 
 
 
 
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