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題名:建立自動化繪圖圖面配置中地圖圖元之關係
作者:張春蘭
作者(外文):Chang, Chun-Lan
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:地理學研究所
指導教授:朱子豪
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:地理資訊系統圖元配置版面型式geographic information systemmap elementslayout templates
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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一般在使用地理資訊系統的最後階段,產生的成果皆可放置在一張底稿中編輯成圖,尤其是在展示空間主圖資訊時,更需要搭配圖框、圖名、圖例、插圖、比例尺、指北針和圖文說明等圖元,設計成一幅完整的地圖。近幾年來市面較進步的電腦繪圖軟體,逐漸開始提供一些圖元配置格式供使用者參考,但所考慮的條件還不甚周詳,配置之結果也不盡理想,使用者還必需再下功夫加以調整,形成出圖過程的一個瓶頸。
為了尋求將來能發展自動化繪圖圖面配置之知識,本研究採用地圖歸納法,探索了隱含有地圖專家經驗的圖元配置關係。在研究過程中共搜集了一百二十幅各種類型的現成地圖,根據地圖設計的理論與原則,將影響各圖元的變數分形狀、大小和位置,以敘述統計和交叉表等統計方法,分析出圖面中各圖元之間的配置法則和關係的流程,並整理了配置地圖最常用的版面型式之典範。
本文進一步依照這些彙整出來的知識結構、程序、法則和公式,以電腦交談方式實際應用在地理資訊系統的繪圖軟體中,証實具有研發的可行性,亦奠定了地圖配置方面的研究基礎。再透過問卷調查的回應,顯示以知識配置的地圖品質確實較為優良,而在配置的執行與成果中發現局部待改善的地方,正是未來相關研究值得深入談討的課題。將來若能這些成果建構在軟體中,不僅有助於相關研究的進行,也可提供一般繪圖軟體的使用者,容易有效地產生一幅較理想的地圖。
In using geographic information system (GIS) for data manipulation, we usually need to present the results through maps. A map usually consists of several elements such as frame, title, legend, scale bar, north arrow, as well as text and other explanatory graphics. Recently, some computer graphic software starts to provide simple layout templates. However, using these automatic map layout devices seldom gives satisfactory results. Users have to adjust some of the map elements manually in order to get the right format.
In order to developing an automatic mapping layout design system, this research adopted an inductive method to explore the implicit rules incorporated in maps designed by experienced cartographers. This study examined 120 maps in various formats. Based on the mapping theories and principles, the shapes, size and relative position of various map elements were measured and statistically analyzed to generalize some of the layout rules among different map elements and mapping procedures for several layout templates.
The generalized mapping rules and procedures are then applied to GIS graphic software through computer interactive mode. This research results provide preliminary basis and show the potential for further research on map design. The analysis of questionnaires confirms that better information transmission has been achieved by knowledge-based map design. Problems encountered during applying the developed design process deserve further study. Incorporation of the research results in future graphic software should facilitate users in producing good maps.
表 次
第1章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究內容與範圍 5
第2章 配置程序與關係 7
2.1 概念程序 7
2.2 結構程序 8
2.3 流程程序 9
2.4 自動化配置程序 11
2.5 配置程序與關係之研究問題 13
2.5.1 形狀關係 13
2.5.2 大小關係 14
2.5.3 位置關係 14
第3章 圖面配置之理論與原則 15
3.1 形狀關係理論與原則 15
3.1.1 商業常用紙張的形狀 15
3.1.2 長方形的最佳形狀 16
3.1.3 圖形度量理論 17
3.2 大小關係理論與原則 19
3.2.1 圖幅和圖廓大小關係 19
3.2.2 圖元之間的大小關係 20
3.2.3 可視度 21
3.3 位置關係理論與原則 22
3.3.1 圖幅和圖廓、圖框和主圖的相對位置 22
3.3.2 圖名、圖例和其他圖元的相對位置 23
3.4 配置關係理論與原則 24
第4章 研究流程與方法 26
4.1 研究流程與架構 26
4.1.1 研究架構 27
4.1.2 研究假說 29
4.2 研究方法之評估 31
4.2.1 地圖歸納法 32
4.2.2 認知實証法 33
4.3 實驗設計 36
4.3.1 地圖樣本 36
4.3.2 量度方法 37
4.3.3 分析程序 38
4.3.4 檢測方式 40
第5章 知識因素之分析 42
5.1 形狀關係 42
5.1.1 地圖種類、圖幅類別與圖幅形狀關係 42
5.1.2 圖幅、主圖與圖廓形狀關係 45
5.1.3 圖幅與圖廓的長方形為黃金比例 46
5.1.4 圖廓與主圖形狀影響圖框形狀 48
5.1.5 圖框型式影響圖元的分配方式 50
5.1.6 說明性圖元的配置特性 51
5.1.7 配置形狀因素之結語 53
5.2 大小關係 56
5.2.1 圖幅、圖廓與主圖的大小關係 57
5.2.2 圖廓與圖框型式影響圖框大小 59
5.2.3 圖廓與說明性圖元的大小關係 60
5.2.4 說明性圖元之文字的最小限制 61
5.2.5 說明性圖元之間的文字大小關係 63
5.2.6 圖元大小因素之結語 66
5.3 位置關係 69
5.3.1 圖幅、圖廓、圖框與主圖的相對位置 69
5.3.2 說明性圖元的相對位置與關係 70
5.3.3 圖元分配方式與說明性圖元的位置關係 73
5.3.4 圖元位置因素之結語 78
第6章 知識之整合與檢測 82
6.1 整合配置因素之知識 82
6.2 常用的版面型式 89
6.2.1 基本圖元配置的典範 89
6.2.2 說明性圖元配置的典範 91
6.3 知識之執行與檢測 99
6.3.1 執行樣本之特性 99
6.3.2 執行程序可行性評估 102
6.3.3 知識輔助配置之認証 103
第7章 結論與展望 105
7.1 結論 105
7.1.1 相關理論之結論 105
7.1.2 圖元配置知識之結論 107
7.2 應用與研發方向 108
7.2.1 建構於商業化繪圖軟體 108
7.2.2 建構於本土化繪圖軟體 109
7.3 後續研究之展望 109
7.3.1 形狀相關課題 109
7.3.2 大小相關課題 110
7.3.3 位置相關課題 110
參考文獻 111
附錄
附錄一 目前商業軟體的配置範本 116
附錄二 地圖分析資料之目錄 118
附錄三 地圖分析量測紀錄表 123
附錄四 圖元關係之公式 127
附錄五 知識操作性程序與法則 130
附錄六 以知識輔助配置地圖之程序 150
附錄七 繪製之樣本地圖 159
附錄八 問卷調查表 163
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