利他對經濟行為與價值判斷之影響－捐贈、世代移轉及合作行為之研究_

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題名：	利他對經濟行為與價值判斷之影響－捐贈、世代移轉及合作行為之研究
作者：	扈永安
作者(外文)：	Hu, Yung-An
校院名稱：	國立台灣科技大學
系所名稱：	管理研究所企業管理學程
指導教授：	劉代洋
學位類別：	博士
出版日期：	2000
主題關鍵詞：	非純粹利他；自利；自我主義；世代移轉；相互利他；主觀價值評價；混合動機；策略；impure altruism；self-interest；egoism；intergenerational transfer；reciprocal altruism；subjective marginal evaluation；mixed motives；strategy
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:40

傳統經濟理論中，個人基本行為係以「理性選擇」的假設為出發點。在個人主觀偏好及客觀限制條件下，此一以自利為前提的經濟模型確實能導出滿足偏好的行為。但若想以之解釋所有經濟行為，則仍難免失之狹隘。在日常生活中，經常看到人們對於慈善捐贈、公益事業以及公共事務所表現的關心，因此，對個人的行為及偏好給予更多考慮，使得理性行為的領域更能擴充異常重要。
本研究目的主要在於建立能同時分析利他與自利動機的「一般化非純粹利他模型」（a generalized model of impure altruism），探討當吾人考慮利他價值時，對於某些經濟問題，如個人捐贈、企業捐贈，以及家庭世代移轉等行為之預測，是否與傳統經濟理論有所不同。實證部份則以「囚犯困境」的賽局理論，進行兩階段實驗室試驗，結果再以probit機率迴歸模型加以分析，據以探討個人行為之動機。本研究獲致結論如下：
1. 傳統經濟理論常假設市場有充分訊息，因此個人行為只要滿足Nash均衡策略即可，整體經濟也得以順利運作。然而，事實上不完全的市場訊息經常導致欺騙行為，因此經濟行為除了考慮個人決策之外，亦須考慮社會規範以及道德、倫理等準則。
2. 在政府政策方面，由於「純粹補償替代效果」與「實質所得效果」的影響，政府支出與民間部門自願性捐贈之間無法完全替代。同理，政府的赤字政策也不會完全替代私人自願性的世代移轉，Barro（1974）所稱「Recardian對等性」的中立性假設不一定成立。
3. 在父母財產贈與方面，非純粹利他對家庭成員資源重分配的影響改變了傳統模型的預測結果，父母的策略性移轉使得「父母贈與」在多子女家庭中較具影響力。而家庭整體有效均衡的達成，乃父母與子女雙方對「自利」與「利他」的主觀價值評斷與對方預期能達成一致的結果。
4. 本研究之個人行為動機試驗發現，由於個人屬性及外在環境因素的影響，利他行為亦有「相互利他」以及「直接利益」的動機；但從本試驗設定的各種環境中發現，仍有部份受測者表現真正的利他。
在經濟理論上，吾人可視利他為某一性質特殊之財貨，其雖無法透過一般市場進行交易，但影響力確實存在。在市場中，利他行為可消弭交易雙方因消息不完全所造成的買賣糾紛問題。在公共問題方面，若不理會利他對政府計劃與個人行為的影響效果，則有可能忽略許多外部成本及利益，造成錯誤的決策。此外，利他更可促進合作行為，提高市場效率，因此從某些特定角度觀察，利他是一種真實、可貴的行為模式。然而，利他對經濟上各種互動過程及現象的影響效果異常複雜，從事這方面問題的研究時，仍應在個案研究的基礎之上進一步深入探討才是。

以文找文

There have been economists devoted to the study of altruistic behavior, but most models failed to distinguish among various altruistic acts in terms of intentions and motives. This papaer discusses the motivations of altruistic behavior in the perspective of economics as well as psychology in an attempt to enlarge the scope of the rationality paradigm in economics. Specifically, by offering conceivable conceptions of altruism, we hope to present an argument that extends the assumptions of self-interest underlying the conventional model.
We first present a theoretical model focusing on altruism in a broader view with self-interest considered. As such, we gain much clearer understanding of how people will behave as they do. Then n the application of charitable contributions, we find that there are real income and substitution effects, and both effects affect an individual''s private contribution. As a result, in economies with public goods, our model predicts that there is less free riding than that predicted by the pure altruism model.
After that, a utility function considering both altruism and strategic self-interest is specified in the sense that parents and children, though benevolent toward each other, are also in the expectation of being rewarded by some reciprocal act. As a result, a psychological equilibrium in terms of willingness to pay for transfers and attention levels is derived following the interaction between parents and their children. It is important for children to signal to their parents that they are willing to be conforming. In general, every child could receive a transfer unless he failed to meet the standard required by his parent. Therefore, if high levels of altruism fail to arise endogenously, family decisions would probably be modeled as negotiations between self-interested agents.
Finally, judging from the existence of altruistic motives in different contexts, the consequences of the incorporation of altruism in the economic framework are explored in an experimental design with particular attention devoted to subjects'' realistic altruistic behavior of cooperation due to personal attributes and specific experimental conditions. By using the prisoner''s dilemma game, we find evidence for recognizably different altruistic behavior, which also has implications for the importance of various determinants in the shaping of socially desirable behavior. In particular, with regard to the effect of discipline, we find that the subjects who are further trained in economic theory do not necessarily act the same way as the conventional model predicts.

以文找文

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