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題名:土地稅與地方公共財源選擇之研究
作者:陳國智
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:地政學系
指導教授:陳聽安
林元興
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:平均地權土地稅地方公共財最適租稅理論地方稅租稅選擇財政淨效益政治成本財政聯邦制Equalization of Land Rightsland taxlocal public goodsoptimum tax approachlocal tax choicenet fiscal residuumpolitical costfiscal federalism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究探討包括土地稅之地方租稅結構,在經濟面的最適條件。並論平均地權的理想、土地利用的經濟效率與公平,能否經由我國現行中央和地方租稅的劃分形態下之土地稅制實現,及土地稅制度之改進等問題。
本研究以最適租稅理論分析,從人口分派至各地的效率觀點,地方稅制之安排,應使個人不論定居於任何行政區,均可獲得相同的「財政淨效益」。如地方公共財具有敵對性,地租單一稅並不能有效內化移民對地方財政之衝擊。另一方面,同等「財政淨效益」概念與國民之財政待遇水平公平的條件一致。從總體之經濟效率與公平角度,地方自主之稅制選擇,至少不應擴大地方間財政淨效益的差異。
本研究並試以政治成本最小化的模式,分析我國地方政府對土地稅制之選擇。但採多元迴歸結果,未能顯著解釋台灣省各縣(市)在公告地價與公告現值相對調整幅度差異。而在多數地方稅收明顯不足支應公共支出時,地方在主要稅源之土地稅的努力卻與其所獲補助顯著負相關。由於土地政策及國民福利標準應有其全國之一致性,而地方財政復有其特殊性,設計地方土地稅制應同時考慮全國之標準及因地制宜。本研究建議提高土地增值稅由中央統籌分配比例,以促進地方財政之水平公平,而以應益課徵之地價稅表現地方之財政特殊性。土地交易所得課徵土地增值稅後餘額,可考慮併入移轉土地者之年度所得,課徵所得稅。
This study focuses on the economic optimum conditions of local tax structure which includes land tax. Such issues as whether the ideal of Equalization of Land Rights and the efficiency and equity of land use could be realized through the land tax system under the current tax assignment between central and local government in Taiwan, and ways of improving land tax are studied as well.
From the viewpoint of distributing total population across jurisdictions efficiently, the arrangement of local tax should make one, regardless of which jurisdiction he resides in, receive the same “net fiscal residuum”(NFC). If local public goods are rival, single local tax to land rent can not effectively internalize the fiscal impact brought by immigrants. On the other hand, equal NFC is consistent with conditions for the horizontal equity of fiscal treatment to citizens. With a view to the entire economic efficiency and equity, the tax choices made by local governments at least should not widen differences of NFC between jurisdictions.
In this study, the model of minimum political cost has been used to analyze how local governments in Taiwan choose between types of land taxes. But the result of multiple regression could not explain significantly the discrepancy of relative ratio of adjusting rate of Announced Land Price to adjusting rate of Announced Land Current Value between local governments in Taiwan province. In the meantime, the local fiscal position lacks independence. Local land tax efforts are significantly negative correlation with the received grants. Because it’s necessary for the national consistency of land policy and social welfare, plus the particularity of local finance, the national standard and district discrepancy should be taken into consideration in designing local land tax system.
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