中文參考文獻
中華徵信所，民91，「台灣地區集團企業研究」，台北：中華徵信所。
王作榮，民67，「我們如何創造了經濟奇績」，台北：時報。
王信彥，民67，「外在環境對企業策略形成及績效影響之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
王順祺，民81，「我國集團企業關係人交易及其規範方法之分析」，中國文化大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
司徒達賢，民69，「關係企業之立法」，中國論壇，10:8，頁24-26。
石賜亮，民88，「台灣傳統集團企業多角化與國際化成長策略之研究」，國立台灣大學國際企業學研究所未出版碩士論文。
朱培宏，民83，「集團企業的跨組織資訊系統推動的策略與困難」，國立中央大學資訊管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
朱翎，民89，「中國大陸國有企業集團化之發展研究」，淡江大學大陸研究所未出版碩士論文。
吳世宗，民87，「集團企業總部功能類型與控制型態之研究」，國立台灣大學會計學系研究所未出版碩士論文。
吳姮誼，民87，「企業應用關係人交易從事盈餘管理之實證研究」，東吳大學會計學系未出版碩士論文。
吳蒙人，民83，「臺灣集團企業多角化策略與績效關聯之實證研究」，台北大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
吳儲仰，民84，「融資決策上之競爭優勢－集團企業與非集團企業之比較研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
吳聰敏，民68，「台灣關係企業形成之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
李信達、陳崇賢，民90，「集團企業的財務管理功能與組織研究」，技術與訓練，26:2，頁58-67。
李屏生，民69，「關係企業立法管理問題之研究」，國立政治大學公共行政所碩士未出版論文。
杜惠娟，民74，「集團企業財務特性與績效影響因素」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
季永中，民86，「集團企業資源配置一致性的多角化策略與財務績效關係之研究」，淡江大學國際貿易學系國際企業學系未出版碩士論文。
林友婷，民85，「新上市公司盈餘管理及營運績效之研究－以台灣地區集團企業及非集團企業為例」，國立中正大學會計學研究所未出版碩士論文。
林素儀，民85，「我國集團企業多角化歷程之探討-以味全、統一集團為例」，中興大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
林溫正，民90，「台灣傳統集團企業轉型策略之研究」，國立臺灣大學國際企業學研究所未出版碩士論文。
周宗穎，民80，「產業發展過程與企業策略──族群生態學觀點」，輔仁大學管理學研究所未出版碩士論文。
紀虹琪，民90，「從企業財務限制問題延伸探討集團企業內部資本市場的運作」，輔仁大學管理學研究所未出版碩士論文。
浦筱德，民90，「集團企業的多角化與資源整合管理機制的探討－以太平洋建設集團為例」，國立中山大學高階經營碩士班未出版碩士論文。
高淑芬，民82，「資源特性與合作策略關聯之研究─以資源基礎觀點」，國立中興大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
高靜遠，民86，「公司法關係企業專章立法沿革與條文說明」，會計研究月刊，141期，頁9-20。
張家源，民88，「集團企業交叉持股之探討-股價相關性暨市場風險之實證分析」，國立成功大學會計學系未出版碩士論文。
張凱鈞，民87，「集團企業跨業多角化與知識管理關連之研究」，國立政治大學科技管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
張凱鈞，民87，「集團企業跨業多角化與知識管理關連之研究」，國立政治大學科技管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
張麗華，民88，「資源建構與延伸對多角化廠商經營績效之實證研究──以台灣高成長集團企業為例」，私立銘傳大學管理科學研究所未出版碩士論文。
莊宸堯，民88，「台灣地區大型集團企業多角化動機、策略、控制型態及績效間之相關性研究」，中原大學企業管理學系未出版碩士論文。
許士軍，民65，現代行銷管理，台北：商略。
許金水，民81，「集團企業總部對所屬份子企業控制型態之研究-以臺灣區集團企業為例」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
郭建志，民88，「文化契合與效能：台灣集團企業之個案研究」，國立臺灣大學心理學研究所未出版博士論文。陳希沼，民65，「臺灣地區集團企業之研究」，台灣銀行季刊，27:3，頁59-78。陳定國，民68，「關係企業與集團企業之管理」，經濟日報，一月十六日二版。
陳忠賢，民88，「台灣企業集團的發展：同形或分歧？」，國立清華大學工業工程與工程管理學系未出版碩士論文。
陳冠賓，民80，「集團企業總管機構功能與組織之研究」，國立中山大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
陳建豪，民90，「台灣集團企業內部控制機制之研究」，銘傳大學國際企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
陳輝郎，民83，「集團企業特性與績效相關性之實證研究」，文化大學國際企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
陳驪夫，民82，「臺灣地區集團企業對關係事業控制與激勵的研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
曾昭仁，民79，「台灣關係企業經營策略與經營績效之實証研究」，國立中興大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
曾慶基，民88，「集團企業轉投資與新事業發展策略之研究──從傳統產業到科技事業」，雲林科技大學企業管理技術研究所未出版碩士論文。
曾慶基，民88，「集團企業轉投資與新事業發展策略之研究」，國立雲林科技大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
湯明哲，民68，「關係企業整合與控制功能之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
馮憲辰，民88，「集團企業股價變動關連性之研究—以高科技集團為實證研究對象」，國立台北大學未出版碩士論文。
黃俊英，民66，企業管理，正中書局。
黃銘傑，民90，「交叉持股vs. 公司監控」，國立臺灣大學法學論叢，30:1，頁201-247。
趙俊銘，民86，「台灣地區集團企業總部組織功能之研究」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
趙淵博，民87，「組織網絡與經營策略之研究─以上櫃集團券商為對象」，義守大學管理科學研究所未出版碩士論文。
劉水深，民68，「政府措施與關係企業之形成」，自由青年，62:4，頁16-18。
劉全益，民81，「臺灣地區集團企業多角化與其進入策略之研究」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
劉德照，民79，「台灣集團企業與非集團企業從事財務規劃活動之比較研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。蔡岱伶，民88，「從資源基礎觀點探討企業集團多角化策略之研究--以宏碁集團為例」，銘傳大學管理科學研究所未出版碩士論文。
蔡振成，民80，「企業環境、多角化策略與績效─台灣集團企業多角化之實證研究」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
諸慧玲，民81，「集團企業多角化策略對財務績效影響之探討」，淡江大學管理科學研究所未出版碩士論文。
賴明政，民86，「台灣集企業之策略性組織關聯研究」，德明學報，12，頁29-49。
戴嘉鈴，民87，「集團企業投資高科技事業決策與績效之研究」，國立台灣大學國際企業學系研究所未出版碩士論文。
簡定業，民87，「創業投資公司與集團企業於投資程序之比較」，國立中山大學企業管理學系未出版碩士論文。
羅理平，民，68，「關係企業的企業策略與組織結構間關係之研究」，政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
蘇點宇，民81，「大型企業獲利能力與組織型式之探討──集團企業與單一大型企業之比較」，國立中興大學經濟研究所未出版碩士論文。
英文參考文獻
Agmon T. and Lessard D. R. 1977. “Investor recognition of corporate international diversification,” Journal of Finance, 32: 1049-55.
Amsden, Alice Hoffenberg, & Hikino, Takashi, 1994, “Project execution capability, organizational know-how and conglomerate corporate growth in late industrialization,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 3:111-147.
Amsden, Alice Hoffenberg, 1989. Asia’s next giant: South Korea and late industrialization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Andersson, Ulf and Mats Forsgren, 1995. “Using networks to determine multinational parental control of subsidiaries,” in ed. By Styanley J. Paliwoda & John K. Ryoms Jr., International Marketing Reader, London: Routledge, 72-87.
Aoki, Masahiko, 1990, “Toward an economic model of the Japanese firm.” Journal of Economic Literature, 28:1-27.
Bain, Joe S. 1956, Barriers to New Competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Barca, F., 1995. On Corporate Governance in Italy: Issues, Facts and Agenda. Roma: Banca d’Italia.
Barlow, E. R. 1953, Management of Foreign Manufacturing Subsidiaries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Barney, J. 1991. “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.” Journal of Management, 17:99-120.
Bartlett, Christopher A. and Sumantra Ghoshal, 1986, “Tap your subsidiaries for global reach”, Harvard Business Review, 64: 87-94.
Bartlett, Christopher A. and Sumantra Ghoshal, 1989, Managing Across Borders, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Baums, T., 1993, “Takeovers versus institutions in corporate governance in Germany.” In Prentice, D. D. and Holland, P. R. J. (Eds), Contemporary Issues in Corporate Governance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 151-183.
Belderbos R, and Sleuwaegen L. 1996, “Japanese firms and the decision to invest abroad: Business groups and regional core networks.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 78:214-220.
Bertrand, Marianne, Paras Mehta, and Sendhil Mullainathan, 2002, “Ferreting out tunneling: and application to Indian business groups.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117:121-148.
Birkinshaw, Julian M. and Nick Fry, 1998, “Subsidiary Initiatives to Develop New Markets,” Sloan Management Review, 39: 51-61.
Birkinshaw, Julian M., 1995, “Encouraging Entrepreneurial Activity in Multinational Corporations,” Business Horizons, 38: 32-38.
Birkinshaw, Julian M., 1996. “How multinational subsidiary mandates are gained and lost”, Journal International Business Studies, 27: 469-95.
Birkinshaw, Julian M., 1997, “''Entrepreneurship in Multinational Corporations: the Characteristics of Subsidiary Initiatives,” Strategic Management Journal, 18: 207-229.
Birkinshaw, Julian M., and Allen J. Morrison, 1995, “Configurations of Strategy and Structure in Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations,” Journal International Business Studies, 26: 729-753.
Birkinshaw, Julian M., and Neil Hood, 1997, “An Empirical Study of Development Process in Foreign owned Subsidiaries in Canada and Scotland,” Management International Review, 37: 339-364.
Birkinshaw, Julian M., and Neil Hood, 1998, “Multinational subsidiary evolution: capability and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies,” Academy of Management Review, 23: 773-795.
Buckley, Peter J., Mark Casson, 1976. The future of the multinational enterprise, New York : Holmes & Meier.
Buckley, Peter J., Mark Casson, 1985, The economic theory of the multinational enterprise. New York: ST. Martin’s Press.
Cable, J., 1985. Capital market information and industrial performance: the role of West German banks. Economic Journal, 95: 118-132.
Cantwell, J. A., “A survey of theories of international production.” In Christos N. Pitelis and Roger Sugden (eds) The Nature of the Transnational Firm, London: Routledge.
Casson, Mark., 1979. Alternatives to the multinational enterprise. London: Macmillan.
Casson, Mark., 1982, The growth of international business. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Casson, Mark., 1987. The firm and the market : studies on multinational enterprises and the scope of the firm, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Caves R. E. 1974, “Multinational firms, competition and productivity in host country markets.” Economica, 41: 176-93.
Caves, R. E. 1971, “Industrial corporations: The industrial economics of foreign investment.” Economica, 38: 1-27.
Caves, R. E. 1974a, “Causes of direct investment foreign firms’ shares in Canadian and United Kingdom manufacturing industries.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 56: 272-93.
Caves, R. E. 1982, Multinational enterprise and economic analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Caves, R., and Uekusa M. 1976. Industrial Organization in Japan. The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.
Chandler, A. D. 1990. Scale and Scope, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Chang, Sea Jin, & Choi, Unghwan, 1988, “Strategy, structure and performance of Korean business groups.” Journal of Industrial Economics, 37:141-158.
Chang, Sea Jin, & Hong, Jaebum, 2000, “Economic Performance of Group-Affiliated Companies in Korea: Intragroup Resource Sharing and Internal Business Transactions.” Academy of Management Journal, 43: 429-448.
Chang, Sea Jin, & Hong, Jaebum, 2002, “How much does the business Group Matter in Korea?” Strategic Management Journal, 23:265-274.
Chung, Chi-Nien, 2001, “Market, Culture and Institutions: The Emergence of Large Business Groups in Taiwan.” Journal of Management Studies, 38: 719-745.
Coase, Ronald H., 1937, “The Nature of the Firm.” Economica, 4: 386-405.
Cole, David Chamberlin and Park, Yung Chul, 1983. Financial development in the Republic of Korea 1945-78, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Collin, Sven-Olof, 1997, “Enclosure of managers: the internal labour market for top managers.” Institute of Economic Research at Lund University, Working Paper 1997/5.
Collin, Sven-Olof, 1998, “Why are these islands of conscious power found in the ocean of ownership? Institutional and governance hypotheses explaining the existence of business groups in Sweden.” Journal of Management Studies, 35: 719-746.
Contractor F. J. 1981. International Technology Licensing Compensation, Costs and Negotiation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Daems H. 1978. The Holding Company and Corporate Control, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Demstez, H. 1978, The theory of the firm revisited”, Journal of Law, economics and Organisation, 4: 141-61.
Dunning J. H. and Rugman A. M., 1985, “The influence of Hymer’ dissertation on theory of foreign direct investment.” American Economic Review, 75: 228-32.
Dunning, J. H., 1958, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry, London: George Allen and Unwin. Reprinted by Arno Press, New York 1976.
Dunning, J. H., 1979, “Trade, Location of Economic Activity and Multinational Enterprise: A Search for An Eclectic Approach, International Production and the MNE,” In B. Ohlin (ed.), The International Allocation of Economic Activity, Holmes and Meier, London.
Dunning, J. H., 1980, “Toward an eclectic theory of international production: some empirical tests.” Journal of International Business Studies, 11: 9-31.
Dunning, J. H., 1983, “Market power of the firm and international transfer of technology.” International Journal of Industrial Organisation, 1:333-351.
Dunning, J. H., 1992, “The competitive advantages of nations and TNC activities: a review article,” Transnational Corporations, 1:135-68.
Dunning, J. H., 1993, Multinational enterprises and the global economy, Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley.
Dewenter, Kathryn, Watlter Novaes and Richard H. Pettway, 2001. “Visibility versus complexity in business groups: evidence from Japanese keiretsu.” Journal of Business, 74:79-100.
Encaoua, David and Jacquemin, Alexis, 1982. “Organizational efficiency and monolpoly power—the case of French industrial groups.” European Economic Review, 19: 25-51.
Encarnation D., 1989. Dislodging Multinationals: India’s Comparative Perspective . Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY.
Etemad, H. and L.S. Dulude(eds) 1986. Managing the Multinational Subsidiary. London: Croom Helm.
Evans, Peter, 1979, Dependent development: the alliance of multinational, state, and local capital in Brazil. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
Feenstra, R., Yang, M. and Hamilton, G. G., 1997. “Business groups and trade in east Asia: part2, product variety.” Working Paper Nr. 5887, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Fields, Karl J. 1995, Enterprise and the state in Korea and Taiwan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Fisman, Raymond, 2001. “Estimating the value of political connections”, The American Economic Review, 91: 1095-1102.
Furin, W. Mark, 1992, The Japanese Enterprise System, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ghemawat, Pankaj and Tarun Khana, 1998. “The nature of diversified business groups: A research design and two case studies.” Jorunal of Industrial Economics, 46: 35-61.
Ghoshal, S. and N. Nohria, 1989, “Internal Differentiation within Multinational Corporations”, Strategic Management Journal, 10: 323-37.
Granovetter, Mark, 1994. “Business groups” in The handbook of economic sociology. J. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg (eds. ), 453-475, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Granovetter, Mark, 1995. “Coase revisited: Business groups in the modern economy.” Industrial and Corporate Change, 4:93-130.
Guillén, Mauro F. 1997, “Business groups in economic development.” Academy of Management Best Paper Proceeding(57th Annual Meeting) , 170-174.
Guillén, Mauro F. 2000, “Business Groups in Emerging Economies: a Resource Base View.” Academy of Management Journal, 43: 362-380.
Gupta, Anil K. and Vijay Govindarajan, 1991, “Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control within Multinational Corporations,” Academy of Management Review, 16: 768-792.
Hennart, Jean-Francois, 1977. A theory of multinational enterprise. Ph.D dissertation, University of Maryland.
Hennart, Jean-Francois, 1982. A Theory of Multinational Enterprise, Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press.
Hennart, Jean-Francois, 1986, “Internalization in Practice: Early Foreign Direct Investments in Malaysian Tin Mining,” Journal of International Business Studies, 17:131-143.
Hennart, Jean-Francois, 1988. “A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures.” Strategic Management Journal, 9: 361-74.
Hennart, Jean-Francois, 1991. “The transaction cost theory of the multinational enterprise”, in Christos N. Pitelis and Roger Sugden (eds), The Nature of the Transnational Firm, London: Routledge.
Hennart, Jean-Francois, 1993. “Explaining the Swollen Middle: Why Most Transactions are A Mix of ‘Market’ and ‘Hierarchies’,” Organization Science, 4:529-47.
Hill, Charles W. L., & Hoskisson, Robert E. 1987, “Strategy and structure in the multiproduct firm,” Academy of Management Review, 12:331-341.
Hisey, Karen B. and Caves, Richard E., 1985, “Diversification Strategy and Choice of Country: Diversifying Acquisitions Abroad by U.S. Multinationals, 1978-1980,” Journal of International Business Studies, 16: 51-64.
Hoffman, Richard C., 1994. “Generic Strategies for Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations,” Journal of Managerial Issues, 6: 69-87.
Horst, T. 1972a, “Firm and industry determinants of the decision to invest abroad: an empirical study.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 54: 258-66.
Horst, T. 1972b, “The industrial composition of US exports and subsidiary sales to the Canadian market.” American Economic Review, 62: 37-45.
Hoshi T, Kashyap A, Scharfstein D. 1991. “Corporate structure, liquidity, and investment: evidence from Japanese industrial groups.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106: 33-60.
Hoskisson, Robert E., 1987. Multidivisional structure and performance: The contingency of diversification strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 30:625-644.
Hymer, Stephen. 1960. The international operations of national firms : a study of direct foreign investment. PhD Thesis, MIT: Published by MIT Press. (Also Published under same title in 1976)
Iversen C., 1935, Aspects of International Capital Movements. London and Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgarrd.
Jarillo, Jose-Carlos & Jon L. Martinez. 1990. “Different roles for subsidiaries: The case of multinational corporations in Spain.” Strategic Management Journal, 11:501-12.
Johnson, H. 1970, The efficiency and welfare implications of the international corporations. In The International Corporation, Kindleberger, C. P. (ed.), Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Jones, Geoffrey. 1996. The evolution of international business---an introduction, New York: Rutledge.
Keister, Lisa A, 1997. Engineering Growth: Business Gropu Structure and Firm Performance in China’s Transitional Economy. University of North Carolina.
Keister, Lisa A., 1998a. “Engineering Growth: Business Group Structure and Firm Performance in China’s Transition Economy.” American Journal of Sociology, 104: 404-40.
Keister, Lisa A., 1998b. “Social ties and the formation of chiness business groups.” Sociological Analysis, July-August,75(4).
Khanna, Tarun and Krishna Palepu, 1997, "Why Focused Strategies May Be Wrong for Emerging Markets," Harvard Business Review, 75: 41-51.
Khanna, Tarun and Krishna Palepu, 2000, “Is group affiliation profitable in emerging markets: an analysis of Indian diversified business groups.” Journal of Finance, 55: 867-81.
Khanna, Tarun, and Jan W. Rivkin, 1999, “Ties that business groups: Evidence from Chile,” Working Paper. Havard Business School, Boston, MA.
Khanna, Tarun, and Jan W. Rivkin, 2001, “Estimating The Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets.” Strategic Management Journal, 22: 45-74.
La Porta R, Lopez-de-Silanes F, Shleifer A, Vishny R., 1998. “Law and finance,” Journal of Political Economy, 106: 1113-1151.
Lall, S., 1979. “The international allocation of research activity by US multinationals”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41: 313-31.
Lall, S., 1980. “Monopolistic advantages and foreign involvement by US manufacturing industry.” Oxford Economic Papers, 32: 102-22.
Leff, N., 1978, “Industrial organization and entrepreneurship in the developing countries: The economic groups.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 26: 661-675.
Lessard D. R. 1976, “World, country and industry relations in equity returns: implications for risk reduction through international diversification.” Financial Analysts Journal, 32:32-8.
Lessard D. R. 1982, Multinational diversification and direct foreign investiment. In Multinational Business Finance, Eiteman D. K. and Stonehill A., eds. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
Levine, J. H., 1972, “The sphere of influence”. American Sociological Review, 37: 14-27.
Lincoln JR, Gerlach ML, and Ahmadjian CL. 1996, “Keiretsu networks and corporate performance in Japan.” American sociological Review, 61:67-88.
Magee, Stephen P. 1977a, “Information and the multinational corporation: An appropriability theory of foreign direct investment.” In The New International Economic Order, Bhagwati, J. N. (ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Magee, Stephen P. 1977b, “Multinational corporations, the industry technology cycle and development.” Journal of World Trade Law, 2: 297-321.
Maman, Daniel, 1999, “Interlocking Ties within Business Groups in Israel--- A Longitudinal Analysis, 1974-1987.” Organization Studies, 20: 323-339.
Marcati, A., 1989. “Configuration and Coordination---The Role of US Subsidiaries in the International Network of Italian Multinationals,” Management International Review, 29: 35-50.
Markides, Constantinos C., Williamson, Peter J., 1996, “Corporate diversification and organizational structure: A resource-based view,” Academy of Managemetn Journal, 39:340-367.
McManus, J. C. 1972. “The theory of the multinational firm”, in G. Paquet(ed.) The Multinational Firm and the National State, Don Mills, Ont.: Collier-Macmillan.
Morrison, Allen J., and Kendall Roth, 1992, “A Taxonomy of Business-Level Strategies in Global Industries,” Strategic Management Journal, 13: 399-417.
Nakatani I. 1984. “The economic role of financial corporate grouping.” In The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, Aoki M (ed.). North-Holland: Amsterdam, 227-258.
Orrù, M., Biggart, N. W., and Hamilton, G. G. 1997. The economic organization of East Asian capitalism, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ouchi, William G., 1979, “A Conceptual Framework for the Dedign of Organizational Control Mechanisms.” Management Science, 25: 833-848.
Owen, R. F. 1982, Inter-industry determinants of foreign direct investment. In New Theories of Multinational Enterprise, Rugman, A. (ed.), London: Croom Helm.
Perrow, C. 1986. Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay, New York: Random House.
Peteraf, M. A., 1993. “The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view.” Strategic Management Journal, 14:179-191.
Porter, M. E. 1986. "Competition in Global Industries: A Conceptual Framework," In M. E. Porter(ed.), Competition in Global Industries. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 15-60.
Porter, Michael E., 1998, “Clusters and the New Economics of Competition,” Harvard Business Review, 76: 77-90.
Posner M. V. 1961, “International trade and technical papers,” Oxford Economic Papers, 13: 323-41.
Poynter, T. A. and R. E. White, 1985, “The strategies of foreing subsidiaries: responses to organizational slack.” Internatioal Studies of Management & Organization, 14: 91-106.
Prahalad, C. K., and Y. Doz., 1987, The Multinational Mission, Free Press, New York.
Pugel, T. A. 1981, “The determinants of foreign direct investment: an analysis of US manufacturing industries.” Managerial and Decision Economics, 2: 220-28.
Robertson, D. H., 1923, The Control of Industry. London: Nisbet & Co.
Roth, Kendall and Allen J. Morrison, 1992, “Implementing global strategy: Characteristics of global subsidiary mandates,” Journal of International Business Studies, 23: 715-735.
Rugman, A. M., 1975. “Motives for foreign investment: the market imperfections and risk diversification hypothesis.” Journal of World Trade Law, 9: 567-73
Rugman, A. M., 1979. International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Rugman, A. M., 1981. Inside the multinationals. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rugman, A. M., 1986. “New theories of the multinational enterprise: An assessment of internalization theory.” Bulletin of Economic Research, 2: 101-18.
Schwartz A. 1994. A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Allen & Unwin: St Leonards, Australia.
Southard F. A. Jr., 1931. American Industry in Europe, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Southard F. A. Jr., Marshall H. and Taylor K. W. 1936, Canadian American Industry, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Strachan H. 1976. Family and Other Business groups in Economic Development: The Case of Nicaragua. Praeger: New York.
Swedenborg, B. 1979, The Multinational Operations of Swedish Firms: An Analysis of Determinants and Effects. Stockholm: Industriens Utrednings-institut.
Taggart, James H. 1998. ‘Strategy shifts in MNC subsidiaries’, Strategic Management Journal, 19: 663-681.
Teece, D. 1977. “Technology transfer by multinational firms.” Economic Journal, June: 242-61.
Teece, D. 1981. “The multinational enterprise: Market failure and market power consideration.” Sloan management Review, 22: 3-17.
Teece, D. 1985. “Multinational enterprise, internal governance, and economic organization.” American Economic Review, 75:233-38.
Telesio P. 1979. Technology Licensing and Multinational Enterprise. New York: Praeger.
Van Hulle, C. 1996. “On the nature of European holding groups.” Onderzoeksrapport nr. 9690, Leuven: Departement Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen.
Veblen, T., 1923. Absentee ownership and business enterprise in recent Times, New York: B. W. Huebsch.
Vernon R. 1966, “International investment and international trade in the product cycle.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80: 190-207.
White LJ., 1974. Industrial Concentration and Economic Power in Pakistan. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.
White, R. E., and Poynter, T. A., 1984, “Strategies for Foreignowned Subsidiaries in Canada,” Business Quarterly, 49: 59-69.
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies, New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. 1981. “The Modern Corporation: Origins, Evolution, Attributes,” Journal of Economic Literature, 19: 1537-68.
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press.