:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:公司流變-十九世紀檳城華人「公司」體制的空間再現
作者:陳國偉
作者(外文):Kuo-wei Chen
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:建築與城鄉研究所
指導教授:夏鑄九
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2005
主題關鍵詞:公司「公司」「公司」體制「公司」勞動空間再現空間之祭祀生產南洋華人檳城companykongsikongsi régimekongsi labourspaces of representaionritual production of spaceChinese in nineteenth-century Southeast AsiaPenang
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(1) 專書論文(2)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:5
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:0
摘 要
  中文名詞公司是當今工商營利團體最廣泛採用的經營體制的用語,它代表的實體,是資本主義體系中工商資本為了個別營利目的成立的資本單元。現代公司之組成,著重算計本身財稅狀況與普遍意義的效率與盈虧;而並無須關乎對替公司服務的生產者身心勞動顯現意義的勞動目的與內容,以做為公司構成的必要條件;它事實上是做為資本營利單元而存在,甚過於以它的人員構成,或它的生產類屬等,所擁有那些不可置換的具體特質為條件。
  既有之研究關於公司詞彙來源的歷史環節有一段重大脫落,亦即,公司之在現代正規中文語意關係中的標準意義,似乎難以關聯上歷史中華南與南洋普遍使用的方言名詞:「公司」的原義。歷史之華南暨南洋地方性語言中,「公司」含義具有許多面向,與今天大不相同。歷史資料顯示,「公司」最廣泛的含義,幾可指涉當時地方所有華人的政治性、社會性、經濟性、文化性組織結社,這已不同於只存在於現代經濟法制規定下的公司;「公司」語義其中一個典型,指排除性極高的地緣氏族,如在檳城的福建漳州海澄三都新江社的「龍山堂邱『公司』」,這是限於村社與姓氏宗族交集範疇內的一種社群。19世紀很長的一段時間裡,「公司」的字面(符徵)曾表徵(指述)了同時存在的許多「公司」現象(符旨),表面上有很大幅度的不一致與不連貫。它們有令殖民政府頭痛而備加提防的神秘私會黨「公司」;有前往南洋殖民地荒疆從事生產、拓墾、經營的礦山與種植園苦力勞工,組成在生產、再生產事務上自治、互助之「公司」;有在華南與南洋海域間從事遠洋貿易的海商海民組成的帆船海事「公司」;有超越地緣村社、家庭、宗族樊籬,而為喪葬互助事宜結合的義山「公司」;有承包地方煙、賭、酒等嗜癮性消費之事業稅餉的「餉碼承包『公司』」;以及依循資本所有、業務經營分立原則組成的投資事業股份公司。這些「公司」現象序譜未必儘如表面上看來是互無交集的孤立主體。本文的問題意識,則發軔於這一切紛沓之「公司」現象,以及這段「公司」-公司語意的歷史脫落,可能存在之異相主體間之貫通;或同一主體流轉變遷過程的歷史推論。
  本文以「『公司』勞動體制」為闡釋「公司」組織形構的分析概念,而針對那受到近代西方資本主義世界體系影響的區域脈絡,分析華人「公司」存在與轉變的狀況。檳城,是華南的海民與商民近代以來遊寓南洋所及,距離最遠的華人聚落,也正是做為西方殖民資本主義先遣代表之一的英國東印度公司,自從重拾前進中國的商略圖謀以來,最早建立的南洋港市。時間正值英國產業革命與拿破崙戰爭的歷史關鍵。做為英國海外冒險商業資本之代表的英國東印度公司政體與組織,與華人傳統之「公司」商工勞動組合在檳城相遇,也許不是歷史的偶然。但是華人「公司」勞動組合自治團體的方言名稱,其後因為這段期間與它的對手-那得到國家政府有商業資本支持的公司政體-發生遭遇,「公司」反而變成指稱後者的名詞。這就未必不是歷史的誤會,或逕曾表達了一個歷史的嘲諷:雖然兩種實體在19世紀的大部分時期都曾經演化,「公司」勞動體制在這個歷程的後期已被公司吞噬,它的名字則被後者潛奪。當兩者交遇途中,19世紀初的某一時刻,當它們的本體、面貌、境遇顯現等量齊觀,則兩個組織實體(符旨)首次被冠以同一名稱標籤(符徵)。命名與譯名的權威性或可被質疑,但這段初次遭遇而產生的密切接觸過程,造成一個重要名詞不可避免的轉用,不無透露值得分析的重要訊息。
  本文各部分與章節的階段性結論,是分別針對檳城暨南洋華人「公司」組織形構歧異的面貌或其流變進行分析的結果,均陳述近代西方資本主義空間生產的世界性影響。後者這個體系對本文所論「公司」形構的影響介質、途徑、與效果都可說是空間性的:它倚藉了對空間性表徵的先制權。因而,空間是本文分析的首要標的。此外,本文給予再生產性祭祀勞動以較高權衡,甚於對生產性勞動或純粹經濟性勞動事實的分析份量,則意在探索勞動定義的邊界,因此研究乃萃注於文化性空間生產的勞動實踐。
Abstract
The modern meaning of the standard Chinese KONGSI signifies a business enterprise. This sense only constitutes one of the many meanings that its equivalent English word COMPANY has. Same was to the dialectal kongsi in the preexisting context of several age-old southern Chinese provincial languages, including, at the least Hokkien and Hakka, of which the word might have possessed. KONGSI represents an entity which is most widely adopted by modern entrepreneurial capital as operating unit in going after its sole profit. Modern KONGSI makes much of the abstract value and universal assessment of efficiency and monetary gains rather than peculiarity of unalienable human labour as well as inalterative core in what they produce.
There is major rupture in current literature on the historical origins and evolutional links of KONGSI, between its meaning in twentieth-century standard Chinese as the translation of COMPANY, and the convention that the phenomena which were called kongsi in provincial dialects took on a variety of appearances in nineteenth-century South China and Southeast Asia. Historical evidence indicates that, the dialectal kongsi, in its broadest sense, could mean all types of voluntary associations in the time. Notwithstanding, varying and conflicting images prevailed. A unique case had been one of the exclusive same dialect-surname-village clans renowned locally for being wealthy and powerful, such as, one of the Hokkien speaking Big Five Surname Clans (‘Goh Tai Seh’) of Penang, Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi, from Zhangzhou Prefecture of southern Fujian. Cemetery kongsi following demarcation along dialect lines would have been one of the more inclusive type. There were troublesome secret society kongsis whose activities aroused suspicion and oppression from the colonial government. There were autonomous mining and plantation coolie kongsis pioneered the colonial inland frontier of the East Indies. There were maritime merchant kongsis sailed the Eastern Seas carried area Junk Trade already for centuries. Furthermore, there were relatively recent revenue farming kongsis attempted entrepreneurship in opium, gaming, and liquor tax farming monopolization in colonial entrepots. Finally, apart from the patriarchal tradition, there was emerging kongsi breed which took to the new way conterminous to a corporate form of modern COMPANY. The thesis comes at the hypothetic points on the apparent problematics of the phenomenal diversity against the substantival coherence, i.e., they are all under the identical signifier of kongsi.
The study takes key concept of ‘régime of labour’ in analyzing historical formation and transformation of the substance (the signified) of the very entity of kongsi. Dissertation focuses on Southeast Asia, for the area came under impact at the frontal progression of modern World System in early nineteenth-century, with Penang as contextual stage where COMPANY and kongsi first encountered. Both occurrences of the substance changes on each of COMPANY and kongsi, and of the transformation of kongsi (as substance) into Chinese equivalence of COMPANY, did end up with COMPANY (as substance) taking over the dialectal name of kongsi. History might have led to this misalliance of the substantive (in this case, the signifier KONGSI) to the substance it was supposed to signify. While KONGSI in standard Chinese survived in use, kongsi nonetheless foredoomed. As history stands, kongsi in its substance, had then been ancien régime readily outmoded by the modern.
Provisional conclusions reached at each chapter progressively draw up total picture of the systemic influence of the modern capitalist production of space over the ever transitory existence of kongsi. Space, or spatial representations rather, was medium whereby modernist aggressor gained its forestall. Space is therefore the discursive mainstay built-in with methodology of this study. Not only representations in the form of city and architecture are received as major objectives of the study, ritual praxis in labour is also given centralized heed. Ritual labour is emphasized, vis-à-vis the more usual economically producing labour. The study intends to explore the boundary within which labour contributes towards cultural domain in the course of its ritual production.
參考書目

中文參考書目
明代古籍
《瀛涯勝覽》,馬歡,1416,永樂14年。
《西洋番國志》,鞏珍,1434,宣德9年。
《星槎勝覽》,費信,1436,正統元年。
《海語》,黃衷,1536,嘉靖15年。
《五雜俎》,謝肇淛,萬曆年間(1573-1619)。
《東西洋考》,張燮,1619,萬曆47年。
《武備志》,茅元儀,1621,天啟元年。
清代古籍
《海國聞見錄》,陳倫炯,1730,雍正8年。
《海島逸志》,王大海,1791,乾隆56年。
《海錄》,謝清高(1765-1821,1782-1795年間遊歷南洋)1842,道光22年。
《靖海氛紀》,袁永綸,1830,道光10年。
《外國史略》,馬禮遜,1834,道光14年。
《瀛環志略》,徐繼畬,1848,道光28年。
《海國圖志》,魏源,1853,咸豐3年。
《航海述奇》,張德彝,1866,同治5年。
《漫遊隨錄》,王韜,1867,同治6年
《海客日譚》,王芝,1874,同治13年。
《歐遊雜錄》,徐建寅,1879,光緒5年。
《海國公餘輯錄》,張煜南,1885,光緒11年。
C. Hibbert原著,賈士蘅譯
1995《英國社會史》,2冊,台北:國立編譯館。
C.R. Boxer著,朱傑勒譯
1940〈明末清初華人出洋考,1500-1750〉(Notes on Chinese abroad in the late Ming and early Manchu periods compiled from contemporary European sources, 1500-1750),《南洋學報》,第一、第二輯,頁5-17。
中華民國北京政府司法行政部修訂法律館
1969《中國民商事習慣調查報告錄》,台北:進學書局。重刊。
仇德哉
1979《台灣廟神傳》,雲林:信通書局。
今崛誠二(Imahori Seiji)著,劉果因譯
1974《馬來亞華人社會》,檳城:嘉應會館。
孔復禮(P. A. Kuhn)
2003〈華人的社會經驗中一些適應於移民活動的特質〉發表於亞太區域研究專題中心(CAPAS)92年度午餐研討會系列(未出版)。
巴素(V. Purcell)著,張奕善譯註
1967《近代馬來亞華人》,台北:台灣商務。
巴素(V. Purcell)著,劉前度譯
1950《馬來亞華僑史》,檳榔嶼:光華日報。
巴素(V. Purcell)著,郭湘章譯
1966《東南亞之華僑》,台北:國立編譯館。
王日根
1995《鄉土之鏈:明清會館與社會變遷》,天津:天津人民出版社。
王日根、陳支平
1995《福建商幫》,香港:中華書局。
王佩璉
1994《華工的足跡》,北京:首都師範大學出版社。
王冠卓編著
2000《中國古船圖譜》,北京:生活、讀書、新知三聯書店。
王連茂主編
2000a《重返「光明之城」-泉州,一座閃爍著中古文明之光的東方都市》,福州:福建人民出版社。
王連茂
2000b〈明清以來閩南海外移民家庭結構淺析:以族譜資料為例〉,刊於陳志明、張小軍、張展鴻編,《傳統與變遷—華南的認同和文化》,北京:文津出版社,2000。

王琛發
1999《廣福宮歷史與傳奇》,檳城:檳城州政府華人宗教理事會。
2001《馬來西亞華人義山與墓葬文化》,Selayang: Yin Pin Multimedia Communication Centre。
王爾敏
1992〈家訓體製之傳衍及門風官聲之維繫〉,刊於中央研究院近代史研究所編《近世家族與政治比較歷史論文集》,台北:中央研究院,1992,下冊,頁809-845。
王賡武
1994《中國與海外華人》,台北:台灣商務。
王賡武著,張亦善譯
1969《南洋華人簡史》,台北:水牛圖書。
王躍生
2000《十八世紀中國婚姻家庭研究:建立在1781-1791年個案基礎上的分析》,北京:法律出版社。
包樂史著,莊國土等譯
1997《巴達維亞華人與中荷貿易》,南寧:廣西人民出版社。
布勞岱(F. Braudel)著,顧良、施康強譯
1992《十五至十八世紀的物質文明、經濟和資本主義》,北京:生活、讀書、新知三聯書店。
布萊司(W.L. Blythe)
1984 [1947] 〈馬來亞華工簡史〉。盧文迪等編:《關於東南亞華工的私人著作》(華工出國史料匯編第五輯),頁143-192,北京:中華書局。
弗里德曼(M. Freedman)著,劉曉春譯
2000《中國東南的宗族組織》,上海:上海人民出版社。
田汝康
1984 [1958] 〈十八世紀末期至十九世紀末期西加里曼丹的華僑公司組織〉。節錄見盧文迪等編(1984):《關於東南亞華工的私人著作》(華工出國史料匯編第五輯),頁260-275,北京:中華書局。原載《廈門大學學報》,社會科學版,1:131-164。
1987《中國帆船貿易對外關係史論集》,杭州:浙江人民出版社。

全漢昇
1987《明清經濟史研究》,台北:聯經。
安德烈•比爾基埃(A. Burguière)等主編,袁樹仁、趙克非、邵濟源、董芳濱譯
1998《家庭史:現代化的衝擊》,北京:生活、讀書、新知三聯書店。
安德森(B. Anderson)著,吳叡人譯
1999《想像的共同體:民族主義的起源與散布》,台北:時報文化。
朱志強、陳耀威主編
2001《認識與欣賞龍山堂邱公司》,檳城:檳城龍山堂邱公司。
西莫尼亞(N.A. Simoniya)
1984 [1961] 〈東南亞的中國居民〉。盧文迪等編:《關於東南亞華工的私人著作》(華工出國史料匯編第五輯),頁69-92,北京:中華書局。
何炳棣
1966《中國會館史論》,台北:台灣學生書局。
何勤華主編
1999《英國法律發達史》,北京:法律出版社。
吳華
1980《馬來西亞華族會館史略》,新加坡:東南亞研究所。
吳萬勵
1983〈宗教與社團在喬治市中心擁有的土地〉,刊於檳州華人大會堂特刊編輯委員會編,《檳州華人大會堂慶祝成立一百週年紀念特刊》,檳城:檳州華人大會堂出版。頁367-371。
吳慶棠
1997《新加坡華文報業與中國》,上海:上海社會科學院。
李玉
2002《晚清公司制度建設研究》,北京:人民出版社。
李有成編
1997《帝國主義與文學生產》,台北:中央研究院歐美研究所。
李金生
2002〈新加坡館藏檳榔嶼華人研究文獻述略〉,發表於《檳榔嶼華人事蹟》學術研討會,檳城古蹟信託會主辦,檳城,2002年1月。
李金明
1990《明代海外貿易史》,北京:中國社會科學出版社。
李約瑟(J. Needham)著,陳立夫主譯,金龍靈、楊傳琪譯
1977-80 《中國之科學與文明》,第11、12冊,〈航海工藝〉,台北:台灣商務印書館。
李會明
1995《產權效率論》,上海:立信會計出版社。
卓南生
1998《中國近代報業發展史1815-1874》,台北:正中書局。
周迅
1991《中國的地方志》,濟南:山東教育出版社。
周宗賢
1983《台灣的民間組織》,台北:幼獅文化事業公司。
周凱
1961 [ 1832 ] 《廈門志》,台北:台灣銀行。
孟德斯鳩(Montesquieu)著,張雁深譯
1998《論法的精神》,台北:台灣商務。
帕瑪(R. E. Palmer)著,嚴平譯
1992《詮釋學》,台北:桂冠圖書。
林仁川
1987《明末清初私人海上貿易》,上海:華東師範大學出版社。
1999《明末清初中西文化衝突》,上海:華東師範大學出版社。
林金水主編
1997《福建對外文化交流史》,福州:福建教育出版社。
林國平、彭文宇
1993《福建民間信仰》,福州:福建人民出版社。
林會承
1995《傳統建築手冊,形式與作法篇》,台北:藝術家出版社。
林遠輝、張應龍
1991《新加坡馬來西亞華僑史》,廣東高等教育出版社。
林遠輝、張應龍編
1998《中文古籍中的馬來西亞資料匯編》,吉隆坡:馬來西亞中華大會堂總會。

松浦章、華立譯
1993〈清代「公司」小考〉,《清史研究》,1993年,第2期,頁95-98。
波菲瑞阿斯(D. Porphyrios)著,蔡厚男譯
1985〈論批判性的歷史〉,刊於夏鑄九、王志弘編譯,《空間的文化形式與社會理論讀本》,台北:明文書局,頁483-490。
契波拉(C.M. Cipolla)編,張彬村、林灑華譯
1989《歐洲經濟史:工業社會的興起》,台北:遠流。
姚 
1940 〈檳榔嶼開闢偉人賴德之遺囑〉,刊於《南洋學報》,第一卷,第一輯,
頁79-81。
泉州市華僑志編纂委員會編
1996 《泉州市華僑志》,北京:中國社會出版社。
科勒普羅斯(T.M. Koulopoulos)等著,王詩成、唐日松譯
1998 《法人直覺》,沈陽:遼寧教育出版社。
科斯(R.H. Coase)著,盛洪、陳郁譯校
1994 《論生產的制度與結構》,上海:三聯書店。
科斯(R.H. Coase)著,陳坤銘、李華夏譯
1995 《廠商、市場與法律》,台北:遠流。
紀元文
1997 〈帝國、殖民與文本:以《魯濱遜漂流記》為例〉,刊於李有成編,《帝
國主義與文學生產》,台北:中央研究院歐美研究所,頁161-188。
胡國亨
1998 《法人的統治,邁向以公司為本的經濟學》,香港:香港大學出版社。
韋伯(M. Weber)著,康樂、簡惠美譯
1993a 《支配社會學》,台北:遠流。
1993b 《非正當性的支配:城市的類型學》,台北:遠流。
1996 《支配的類型:韋伯選集III》,台北:遠流。
1999 《經濟行動與社會團體》,台北:遠流。
孫謙
1996 〈清代閩粵僑眷家庭的變化〉,《南洋問題研究》,87 期,頁68-75。
1999 《清代華僑與閩粵社會變遷》,廈門:廈門大學出版社。

徐福全
1984 《台灣民間傳統喪葬儀節研究》,博士論文,台北:國立台灣師範大學
國文研究所。
桑巴特(W. Sombart)著,季子譯
1936 《現代資本主義》,上海:商務印書館。
海德格(M. Heidegger)著,王慶節、陳嘉映譯
1990 《存在與時間》,台北:桂冠圖書。
袁冰凌
1996 〈高延與婆羅洲公司的研究〉。見高延:《婆羅洲華人公司制度》,附錄
三,頁147-159,台北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
馬士(H.B. Morse)著,中國海關史研究中心組譯,區宗華譯
1991 《東印度公司對華貿易編年史1635-1834》,廣州:中山大學出版社。
馬克思(K. Marx)、恩格斯(F. Engels)著,吳家駟譯
1991 《資本論》,台北:時報文化。
高延(J.J.M. De Groot)著,袁冰凌譯
1996 [1885] 《婆羅洲華人公司制度》。台北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
張三夕
1996 《死亡之思》,台北:洪葉文化。
張少寬
1983 〈檳榔嶼早期的華人福幫寺廟〉,刊於檳州華人大會堂特刊編輯委員會
編,《檳州華人大會堂慶祝成立一百週年紀念特刊》,檳城:檳州華人
大會堂出版。頁381-389。
1997 《檳榔嶼福建公冢暨家冢碑銘集》,新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。
張忠民
2002 《艱難的變遷:近代中國公司制度研究》,上海:上海社會科學院出版
社。
張芝聯主編
1987 《世界史資料叢刊,近代史部分,一八一五-一八七○年的英國》,北
京:商務印書局。
張黎洲、謝水順主編
1998 《福建名祠》,北京:台海出版社。

張禮千
1959 《檳榔嶼志略》,香港:南華出版社。
張寶清
1996 〈留住歷史—百年不老龍山堂邱公司〉,檳城:《光華日報》,1996 年8
月4-5 日。
梁其姿
1997 《施善與教化:明清的慈善組織》,台北:聯經。
梁治平
1996 《清代習慣法:社會與國家》,北京:中國政法大學出版社。
清水盛光著,宋念慈譯
1986 《中國族產制度考》,台北:中國文化大學出版部。
莊吉發
1989 〈清代閩粵地區的社會經濟變遷與秘密會黨的發展〉,《中央研究院第
二屆國際漢學會議論文集》明清與近代史組,台北:中央研究院,民
國78 年,頁409-445。
莊為璣、鄭山玉主編
1998 《泉州譜牒華僑史料與研究》,北京:中國華僑出版社。
許烺光著,王芃、徐隆德譯
2001 《祖蔭下:中國鄉村的親屬,人格與社會流動》,台北:南天書局。
陳支平
1998 《福建族譜》,福州:福建人民出版社。
陳文德、黃應貴主編
2002 《「社群」研究的省思》,台北:中央研究院民族學研究所。
陳希育
1991 《中國帆船與海外貿易》,廈門:廈門大學出版社。
陳東有
1998 《走向海洋貿易帶:近代世界市場互動中的中國東南商人行為》,南昌
:江西高校出版社。
陳國偉、黃木錦、黃蘭翔
2000 〈十九世紀南洋城市中華人「公司」的空間形構:馬來西亞檳城之案
例研究〉,刊於蕭新煌主編,《東南亞的變貌》,台北:中央研究院東南
亞區域研究計畫。頁617-683。

陳國棟
1991 〈清代中葉廈門的海上貿易(1727-1833)〉,《中國海洋發展史論文
集》,第4 輯,台北:中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所,1991,頁
61-100。
陳捷先
1984 《中國的族譜》,台北:行政院文化建設委員會。
陳捷先、盛清新主編
1987 《中國家訓》,台北:行政院文化建設委員會。
陳壽祺等撰
1963 《福建通志》,卷56,台北:華文書局。
陳劍虹
1983 〈平章會館的歷史發展輪廓,1881-1974〉,刊於檳州華人大會堂特刊
編輯委員會編,《檳州華人大會堂慶祝成立一百週年紀念特刊》,檳城:
檳州華人大會堂出版,頁135-162。
陳劍虹主編
1987 《檳城華族歷史圖片集》,檳城:檳州華人大會堂。
陳澤憲
1981 [1963] 〈十九世紀盛行的契約華工制〉。見盧文迪等編(1981):《關於
華工出國的中外綜合性著作》(華工出國史料匯編第四輯),頁
144-173,北京:中華書局。原載於《歷史研究》,第一期。
陳寶良
1996 《中國的社與會》,杭州:浙江人出版社。
陳耀威
2001 《認識與欣賞龍山堂邱公司》,檳城:檳城龍山堂邱公司重修慶成委員會。
── 《檳城喬治市華人史蹟研究》,陳耀威文史建築研究室(未出版)。
陶德甫(G.P. Dartford)著
1959 《馬來亞史略》,星加坡:聯營出版。
麥留芳
1984 〈早期華人社會組織與星馬城鎮發展的模式〉,《中國海洋發展史論文
集》,第1 輯,台北:中央研究院三民主義研究所,1984,頁367-404。
1985a 《星馬華人私會黨的研究》,台北:正中書局。
1985b 《方言群認同:早期星馬華人的分類法則》,台北:中央研究院民族學

研究所。
傅吾康(Wolfgang Franke)、陳鐵凡合編
1985 《馬來西亞華文銘刻萃編》,吉隆坡:馬來亞大學出版部。
博蘭尼(K. Polanyi)著,黃樹民、石佳音、廖立文譯
1989 《鉅變:當代政治、經濟的起源》,台北:遠流。
彭澤益
1957 《中國近代手工業史資料》,北京:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店。
斯科特(J.C. Scott)著,程立顯、劉健等譯
2001 《農民的道義經濟學:東南亞的反叛與生存》,南京:譯林出版社。
曾少聰
1998 《東洋航路移民—明清海洋移民台灣與菲律賓的比較研究》,南昌:江
西高校出版社。
渡邊欣雄著,周星譯
1998 《漢族的民俗宗教—社會人類學的研究》,天津:天津人民出版社。
華勒斯坦(I. Wallerstein)著,郭方、劉新成、張文剛譯
2000 《近代世界體系》,台北:桂冠圖書公司。
華勒斯坦(I. Wallerstein)著,黃燕 譯
1998 [1991] 〈族群身份的建構─種族主義、國族主義、族裔身份〉(The
construction of peoplehood: racism, nationalism, ethnicity)。香港嶺南學
院翻譯系編:《解殖與民族主義》(Decolonization and nationalism),頁
129-146,香港:牛津出版社。原載於E. Balibar and I. Wallerstein (1991).
Race, nation, class-ambiguous identities. London: Verso.
馮邦彥
1996 《香港英資財團,一八四一年至一九九六年》,香港:三聯(香港)書
店。
黃木錦
2002 〈從19 世紀檳城舊地圖分析華族社會與人文空間〉,會議論文,《檳榔
嶼華人事蹟》學術研討會,檳城古蹟信託會主辦,2001 年1 月5、
6日。www.pht.org.my.
黃堯
1967 《星馬華人志》,香港:明鑑出版社。

黃蘭翔
2002 〈檳城邱公司宗族聚落實質空間的特質分析〉,《亞太研究通訊》,第
17期,台北:中央研究院亞太研究計畫,頁32-45。
廈門華僑志編纂委員會編
1991 《廈門華僑志》,廈門:鷺江出版社。
愛漢者(C. Gutzlaff)等編,黃時鑑整理
1997 《東西洋考每月統記傳》,北京:中華書局。
愛德華•湯普森(E.P. Thompson)著,沈漢、王加豐譯
2002 《共有的習慣》,上海:上海人民出版社。
新江邱曾氏詒穀堂編
1867 《新江邱曾氏族譜》,福建漳州。
楊松年
1986 《戰前新馬文學所反應的華工生活》,新加坡:新加坡全國職總奮鬥報。
楊國楨、鄭甫弘、孫謙
1997 《明清中國沿海社會與海外移民》,北京:高等教育出版社。
楊緒賢
1985 〈姓氏堂號與郡望〉,《譜系與宗親組織》,中華民國宗親譜系學會編輯
委員會,台北:中國地方文獻學會,頁59-90。
1979 《台灣區姓氏堂號考》,南投:台灣省文獻委員會。
經君健
1993 《清代社會的賤民等級》,杭州:浙江人民出版社。
葛爾布拉特(J.K. Galbraith)著,湯新楣譯
1970 《富裕社會》,香港:今日世界社。
賈克貝(N.H. Jacoby)著,林鐘雄譯
1977 《公司權力與社會責任》,台北:學生英文雜誌社。
蓋伯夫(J. K. Galbraith)著,孫成煜譯
1985 《群體貧窮本質之探討》,台北:今日世界出版社。
趙文洪
1998 《私人財產權利體系的發展,西方市場經濟和資本主義的起源問題研
究》,北京:中國社會科學出版社。
趙立行
1995 《英國商人》,南昌:江西人民出版社。

趙岡、陳鍾毅
1986 《中國經濟制度史論》,台北:聯經。
劉枝萬
1983 《台灣民間信仰論集》,台北:聯經。
劉瑞華
2001 〈逝者的財產權:兼論台灣的祭祀公業〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,(中
央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所),第13 卷第2 期,2001 年6 月,
頁231-349。
德姆塞茨(H. Demsetz)著,段毅才等譯
1999 《所有權、控制與企業—論經濟活動的組織》,北京:經濟科學出版社。
滕尼斯(F. Tönnies)著,林榮遠譯
1999 《共同體與社會》,北京:商務印書館。
蔡相輝
1989 《台灣的祠祀與宗教》,台北:臺原出版。
蔡愛卿
2000 〈謝氏福侯公司謝寒掩挺身為族人奠基礎〉,〈王信娘助夫圓心願:
照顧族人福刊〉,檳城:《中國報》,2000 年12 月23 日,C-6。
鄭永美
1983 〈平章先賢列傳〉,刊於檳州華人大會堂特刊編輯委員會編,《檳州華
人大會堂慶祝成立一百週年紀念特刊》,檳城:檳州華人大會堂出版。
頁169-193。
鄭振滿
1991 〈清代福建合同式宗族的發展〉,《中國社會經濟史研究》1991(4):頁
46-53。
1992 《明清福建家族組織與社會變遷》,湖南人民教育出版社。
盧文迪、陳澤憲、彭家禮編
1981 《關於華工出國的中外綜合性著作》(華工出國史料匯編第四輯),北
京:中華書局。
1984 《關於東南亞華工的私人著作》(華工出國史料匯編第五輯),北京:
中華書局。
穆黛安(D. H. Murray)著,劉平譯
1997 《華南海盜》,北京:中國社會科學出版社。

閻照祥
2000 《英國貴族史》,北京:人民出版社。
謝良生
1983 〈檳城五個歷史最久的姓氏宗祠〉,刊於檳州華人大會堂特刊編輯委員
會編,《檳州華人大會堂慶祝成立一百週年紀念特刊》,檳城:檳州華
人大會堂出版。頁372-380。
謝國雄
1997 《純勞動:台灣勞動體制諸論》,台北:中央研究院社會學研究所籌備
處。
鍾錫金
1993 《吉打兩千年》,亞羅士打:赤工文叢編輯部出版。
韓振華
1996 〈十六至十九世紀前期中國海外貿易航運業的性質和海外貿易商人的
性質〉,《南洋問題研究》,廈門大學南洋研究所,(上)86 期,頁74-81;
(下)87 期,頁76-84。
韓格理(G. G. Hamilton)著,張維安、陳介玄、翟本瑞譯
1990 《中國社會與經濟》,台北:聯經。
檳榔嶼姓謝公司
2000a 《石塘謝氏世德堂福侯公公司章程》,檳城:姓謝公司。
2000b 〈馬來西亞檳城謝氏福侯公公司慶祝創立180 週年紀念誌慶〉專文,《
光華日報》2000 年12 月23 日,C-1。
瞿同祖
1978 《中國法律與中國社會》,台南:僶勉出版社。
聶德寧
2001 《近現代中國與東南亞經貿關係史研究》,廈門:廈門大學出版社。
薩靈士(M. Sahlins)著,丘延亮譯
1988 〈原初豐裕社會〉,刊於《台灣社會研究》,第1 卷,第1 期,頁159-181。
藍達居
1999 《喧鬧的海市—閩東南港市興衰與海洋人文》,南昌:江西高校出版社。
顏清湟著,栗明鮮、陸宇生、梁瑞平、蔣剛譯
1991 [1986] 《新馬華人社會史》,北京:中國華僑出版公司。
魏捷茲(J. Wilkerson)

1996 〈澎湖群島的村廟「公司」與人觀〉,刊於莊英章、潘英海編,《台灣
與福建社會文化研究論文集(三)》,台北:中央研究院民族學研究所。
瀨川昌久著,錢杭譯
1999 《族譜:華南漢族的宗族•風水•移居》,上海:上海書店出版社。
羅香林
1961 《西婆羅洲羅芳伯等所建共和國考》,香港:中國學社。
羅麗馨
1997 《十六、十七世紀手工業的生產發展》,台北:稻禾出版社。
蘇黎明
2000 《泉州家族文化》,北京:中國言實出版社。
饒宗頤
2003 [1969] 〈星馬華人碑刻繫年〉《饒宗頤二十世紀學術文集》第7 卷〈中
外關係史〉,頁831-963。台北:新文豐出版社。
英文書目
Abdul Halim Nasir and Wan Hashim Wan The
1996 The traditional Malay house. Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan: Penerbit
Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Adams, Kathleen M., and S. Dickey, eds.
2000 Home and hegemony, domestic service and identity politics in South and
Southeast Asia. Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press.
Aiken, S. Robert
1994 Imperial belvederes, the hill stations of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press.
Aslet, Clive
1999 The story of Greenwich. London: Fourth Estate Ltd.
Bard, Solomon
1993 Traders of Hong Kong: some foreign merchant houses. 1841~1899, Hong
Kong: The Urban Council.
Barney, Richard A.
1999 Plots of Enlightenment, education and the novel in eighteenth-century

England. Standford: Standford University Press.
Bastin, John, comp.
1994 Travellers’ Singapore, an anthology. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University
Press.
Blythe, Wilfred
1947 Historical sketch of Chinese labour in Malaya. Journal of the Malayan
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 20, Part 1: 64-113.
1969 The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya. London: Oxford
University Press.
Bourne, John M.
1977 The civil and military patronage of the East India
Company, 1784-1858.
PhD thesis, (unpublished), University of Leicester.
Bowen, H.V., M. Lincoln and N. Rigby, eds.
2002 The worlds of the East India Company. St. Edmundsbury: The Boydell
Press.
Braddell, Roland St. John
1982 [1915] The law of the Straits Settlements, a commentary. Kuala Lumpur:
Oxford University Press.
Breman, Jan
1989 Taming the coolie beast, plantation society and the colonial order in
Southeast Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Briggs, Asa
1991 [1983 ] A social history of England. London: Penguin Books.
Bryant, Gerald J.
1975 The East India Company and its army, 1600-1778. PhD thesis
(unpublished), King’s College, University of London.
Bush, M.L.
2000 Servitude in modern times. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Callinicos, Alex
2001 Against the Third Way, an anti-capitalist critique. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Campbell, Persia C.
1923 Chinese coolie emigration to countries within the British Empire. London:

P.S. King and son, Ltd.
Ch’en, Kuo-tung(陳國棟)
2000 ‘China’s interaction with Southeast Asia as exemplified in four Malay
terms: abang, kiwi, kongsi, and wangkang’〈從四個馬來詞彙看中國與東
南亞的互動:abang, kiwi, kongsi 與wangkang〉. conf. paper, Third
International Conference on Sinology, Taipei: Academia Sinica, Jun.
29-Jul. 1, 2000.
Chan Lean Heng(曾蓮興)
1980 The jetty dwellers of Penang: incorporation and marginalisation of an
urban clan community. Master thesis, School of Comparative Social
Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
2002 ‘Rediscovering historic communal sites and commemorating their
histories – the case of the clan jetties’. conf. paper, presented at The
Penang story – International Conference 2002. Penang, 18-21, April 2002.
Chen, Kuo-wei(陳國偉)
2002 ‘Meaning in architectural and urban space of the Penang kongsi enclave’,
conf. paper, submitted for The Penang Story-International Conference
2002, Penang, 18-21, April, 2002.
Cheng, Lim Keak
1985 Social change and the Chinese in Singapore, a socio-economic geography
with special reference to bāng structure. Singapore: Singapore University
Press.
Clout, Hugh, ed.
1999 The Times history of London. London: Times Books.
Cochran, Sherman
2000 Encountering Chinese networks, Western, Japanese, and Chinese
corporations in China, 1880-1937. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
Colander, David C., ed.
1984 Neoclassical political economy, the analysis of rent-seeking and DUP
activities. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

Comber, L.F.
1959 Chinese secret societies in Malaya, a survey of the Triad Society from 1800
to 1900. Locust Valley: J.J. Augustin Inc. Publisher.
Cowan, C.D.
1961 Nineteenth-century Malaya, the origins of British political control. London:
Oxford University Press.
Cox, William, comp.
1819 The Prince of Wales Island annual register and directory, 1819. Penang:
the P.W. Island Presidency.
Crawfurd, John
1820 History of the Indian Archipelago. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and
Co.
1967 [1828] Journal of an embassy to the courts of Siam and Cochin China.
Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Curtin, Philip D.
1989 Death by migration: Europe’s encounter with the tropical world in the
nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cushman, Jennifer W.
1991 Family and State, the formation of a Sino-Thai tin-mining dynasty
1797-1932. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
1993 Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam during the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia
Program.
De Groot, J.J.M.(高延)
1885 Het kongsivezen van Borneo. ’s-Gravenhage: Nyhoff.
DeBernardi, Jean
2002 ‘Expanding the boundaries of Europe and China: European freemasons
and Chinese sworn brotherhoods in Penang’, conf. paper, The Penang
Story-International Conference 2002. Penang, April. 2002.
Diamond, A.S.
1932 The law of the relation between master and servant. London: Stevens and
Sons, Ltd.

Dodge, Bertha S.
1988 Quests for spices and new worlds. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.
Doolittle, Justus
1865 Social life of the Chinese. N.Y.: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1996
Taipei: Cheng-wen repr.
Doran, Edwin Jr.
1973 Nao, junk, and vaka: boats and culture history. College Station: Texas A &
M University Press.
Ebrey, Patricia B., and J.L. Watson
1987 Kinship organization in late imperial China, 1000-1940. Taipei: SMC
Publishing Inc.
Edwards, Norman
1991 The Singapore house and residential life 1819-1939. Singapore: Oxford
University Press.
Ekelund, Robert B. Jr. and R.O. Tollison
1981 Mercantilism as a rent-seeking society, economic regulation in historical
perspective. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
Emerson, Rupert
1964 [1937] Malaysia, a study in direct and indirect rule. Kuala Lumpur:
University of Malaya Press.
Eusoff, Datin Ragayah
1997 The Merican clan, a story of courage and destiny, Singapore: Times Books
International.
Evans, Grant, ed.
1993 Asia’s cultural mosaic, an anthropological introduction. N.Y.: Prentice
Hall.
Farrington, Anthony
2002 Trading places, the East India Company and Asia 1600-1834. London:
The British Library.
Foster, William
1933 England’s quest of eastern trade, repr., in The East India Company:
1600-1858. P. Tuck, ed., Vol. I, 1998.

Foucault, Michel
1986 ‘Texts / contexts of other spaces’, Diacritics, 16, no. 1, spring 1986:
pp.22-27.
Freedman, Maurice
1958 Lineage organization in southeastern China. London: the Athlone Press.
1994 [1979] The study of Chinese society, essays by Maurice Freedman. Taipei:
SMC Publishing Inc.
Frost, Diane, ed.
1995 Ethnic labour and British imperial trade: a history of ethnic seafarers in
the UK. London: Frank Cass.
Geremek, Bronislaw, tr. by A. Kolakowska
1994 Poverty, a history. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof
2002 ‘The south Asian cultural impact on Penang’. conf. paper, presented at The

Penang story – International Conference 2002. Penang, April 2002.
Girouard, Mark
1978 Life in the English country house, a social and architectural history. Yale
University Press.
Goh, Ban Lee(吳萬勵)
1975 Pattern of landownership in central Georgetown. Monograph No. 2.
Centre for Polity Research. Penang: University Sains Malaysia.
Graham, Thomas
1959 [1794] ‘Historical sketch of Penang in 1794’ in Journal of Malayan
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. vol. 22. Pt. 1. pp.1-27.
Gullick, J.M.
1989 Malay society in the late nineteenth century, the beginnings of change.
Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Gutzlaff, Charles
1834 A journal of three voyages along the coast of China in 1831, 1832, and
1833, with notices of Siam, Corea, and the Loo-Choo Islands. London: F.
Westley and A.H. Davis.

Hann, C.M., ed.
1998 Property relations, reviewing the anthropological tradition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Harvey, David
1989 The condition of postmodernity, an enquiry into the origins of cultural
change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Haskell, Thomas L. and R.F. Teichgraeber III, eds.
1993 The culture of the market, historical essays. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Heng Pek Koon
1988 Chinese politics in Malaysia, a history of the Malaysian Chinese
Association. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Heussler, Robert
1981 British rule in Malaya, the Malayan civil service and its predecessors,
1867-1942. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Hikoichi Yajima
1976 The Arab dhow trade in the Indian Ocean, preliminary report. Tokyo:
Institute for the study of languages and cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo
Gaikokugo Daigaku.
Hobsbawn, Eric, and Terence Ranger, eds.
1983 The invention of tradition. Cambridge University Press.
Hommel, Rudolf P.
1969 [1937] China at work, an illustrated record of the primitive industries of
China’s masses, whose life is toil, and thus an account of Chinese
civilization. Cambridge: the M.I.T. Press.
Hourani, George F.
1995 [1951] Arab seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and early medieval
times. rev’d and exp’d by J. Carswell. Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
Hoyt, Sarnia Hayes
1991 Old Penang. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Hsiao, Kung-chuan(蕭公權)
1960 Rural China, imperial control in the nineteenth century. Seattle: University
of Washington Press.
Hsieh Jih-chang and Chuang Ying-chang, eds.
1985 The Chinese family and its ritual behavior. Taipei: Institute of Ethnology,
Academia Sinica.
Jackson, John A.
1986 Migration. London: Longman.
Jackson, Peter
1995 Walks in old London. N.Y.: Barnes and Nobles.
Jackson, R.N.
1965 Pickering, protector of Chinese. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Janssens, Angélique, ed.
1998 The rise and decline of the male breadwinner family? Cambridge: the Press
Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
Khan, Mushtaq H., and Jomo Kwame Sundaram
2000 Rents, rent-seeking and economic development, theory and evidence in
Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khol, David G.
1984 Chinese architecture in the Straits Settlements and Western Malaya:
temples, kongsis and houses. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann Asia.
Khoo Kay Hock and Rita Lim-Khoo
1998 Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi, the heritage jewel of Penang. Penang:
Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi.
Khoo, Joo Ee
1996 The Straits Chinese, a cultural history. Amsterdam: The Pepin Press.
Khoo, Su Nin and Loo Hooi Huck, eds.
1990 Poh Hock Seah centenary, 1890-1990 (寶福社百週年紀念),Penang:
Poh Hock Seah.
Khoo, Su Nin
1990 ‘Share and share alike’, p.21, in ‘Khoo Kongsi at Cannon Square’ by Ong
Seng Huat, et al., Pulau Pinang, vol. 2, No. 1, 1990, pp. 4-33.

1991 ‘ “Millionaires’ row”, an era of ostentatious living in the mansions at
Northam road’, Pulau Pinang, vol. 3, no. 1, 1991, pp. 9-23.
1993 Streets of George Town, Penang. Penang: Janus Print & Resources.
King, Anthony D.
1984 The bungalow, the production of a global culture. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul.
Lee Kip Lin
1988 The Singapore house, 1819-1942. Singapore: Times Editions.
Lee, Poh Ping(李保平)
1978 Chinese society in nineteenth century Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press.
Lefebvre, Henri
1991 The production of space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Lim Jee Yuan
1987 The Malay house, rediscovering Malaysia’s indigenous shelter system.
Pulau Pinang: Institut Masyarakat.
Lim Pui Huen, P.
2000 ‘Genealogy and tradition among the Chinese of Malaysia and Singapore’,
in New studies on Chinese overseas and China. Cen Huang, Zhuang Guotu,
and Tanaka Kyoko, eds., Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.
Loh Wei Leng
2002 ‘Penang’s trade and shipping in the imperial age: the 19th century’. conf.
paper, presented at The Penang story – International Conference 2002.
Penang, April 2002.
Low, James
1972 [1836] The British settlement of Penang. Singapore: Oxford University
Press.
Loxley, Diana
1990 Problematic shores: the literature of islands. Houndmills: Macmillan.
Lyotard, Jean-Francois, trans., G. Bennington and B. Massumi
1984 The postodern condition. Manchester University Press.

MacDonald, Micheil
1991 The clans of Scotland: the history and landscape of the Scottish clans.
London: Grange Books.
Macpherson, C.B.
1962 The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Locke. London:
Oxford University Press.
Mak, Lau Fong(麥留芳)
1981 A sociology of secret societies. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
1995 The dynamics of Chinese dialect groups in early Malaya. Singapore:
Singapore Society of Asian Studies.
Malcolmson, Robert W.
1981 Life and labour in England 1700-1780, London: Hutchinson.
Markus, Thomas A.
1993 Buildings and power, freedom and control in the origin of modern building
types. London: Routledge.
Marshall, Michael W.
1990 Ocean traders, from the Portuguese discoveries to the present day. N.Y.:
Facts on File, Inc.
Marx, Karl
1995 Capital, an abridged edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mattock, Katherine, and Jill Cheshire
1994 The story of Government House. Hong Kong: Studio Publications Ltd.
Maya Jayapal
1992 Old Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P.
1962 Asian trade and European influence in the Indonesian Archipelago
between 1500 and about 1630. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Meyer, Jean
1986 Esclaves et négriers (slaves and slave-traders), Gallimard.
Miles, Robert
1987 Capitalism and unfree labour, anomaly or necessity? London: Tavistock
Publications.

Mills, L.A.
1925 British Malaya 1824-1867. Singapore: the Methodist Publishing House.
Morse, Hosea B.
1909 The gilds of China, with an account of the gild merchant of Co-hong of
Canton. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
Morse, Hosea B.
1926-29 The chronicles of the East India Company trading to China 1635-1834.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Morton, Harry
1975 The wind commands, sailors and sailing ships in the Pacific. Vancouver:
the University of British Columbia.
Mumby, Dennis K., ed.
1993 Narrative and social control: critical perspectives. Newbury Park: Sage
Publications.
Municipal Council of Penang Island (MPPP)
1995 Heritage buildings of Penang Island, George Town, an inventory. Penang:
MPPP.
Murray, Dian H.
1987 Pirates of the south China coast 1790-1810. Stanford: Stanford University
Press.
Nebois, Thierry, ed.
2003 Architectural theory from the renaissance to the present. Cologne:
Taschen.
Ng Chin-keong(吳振強)
1983 Trade and society, the Amoy network on the China coast 1683-1735.
Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Novak, Maximillian E.
2001 Daniel Defoe, master of fictions, his life and ideas. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Ong, Aihwa
1987 Spirits of resistance and capitalist discipline: factory women in Malaysia.
Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.

Ooi Keat Gin(黃吉仁)
2000 ‘From colonial outpost to cosmopolitan centre – the growth and
development of George Town, Penang, c. late 18th century to late 20th
century’, conf. paper, presented at the International symposium on urban
and architectural histories under colonial rule in Asia, Taipei: Academia
Sinica, Sept, 2000.
Owen, Norman G. ed.
1987 Death and disease in Southeast Asia: explorations in social, medical and
demographic history. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Prost, Antoine, and Gérard Vincent, eds.
1991 A history of private life, riddles of identity in modern times. Cambridge,
MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Purcell, Victor(巴素)
1960 The Chinese in modern Malaya. Singapore: Eastern University Press.
1965 [1951] The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press.
1967 [1948] The Chinese in Malaya. London: Oxford University Press.
Radcliffe-Brown, A.R.
1948 The Andaman Islanders. Glencoe: the Free Press.
Radhakumud Mookerji
1999 [1912] Indian shipping, a history of the sea-borne trade and maritime
activity of the Indians from the earliest times. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Ramasamy, P.
1994 ‘Merchant capital and underdevelopment in the plantations in Malaysia’, in
Poverty amidst plenty, Jamilah Ariffin, ed. Selangor Darul Ehsan:
Pelanduk Publications.
Ramkrishna Mukherjee
1974 The rise and fall of the East India Company, a sociological appraisal. N.Y.:
Monthly Review Press.
Rediker, Marcus B.
1987 Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates, and
the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700-1750. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.
Reid, Anthony
1993 Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Reid, Anthony, ed.
1983 Slavery, bondage and dependency in Southeast Asia. St. Lucia: University
of Queensland Press.
1996 Sojourners and settlers: histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, in
honour of Jennifer Cushman. St. Leonards: Allen and Unwin.
Rudofsky, Bernard
1977 The prodigious builders. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Sayer, Karen
2000 Country cottages, a cultural history. Manchester University Press.
Schlegel, Gustave
1956 [1866] Thian Ti Hwui, the Hung League or Heaven-Earth: A secret society
with the Chinese in China and India. Batavia (repr. Singapore): Lange.
Scull, Andrew
1980 ‘A convenient place to get rid of inconvenient people: the Victorian lunatic
asylum’, in Buildings and society, essays on the social development of the
built environment, A.D. King, ed., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp.
37-60.
Scully, Vincent
1969 American architecture and urbanism. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Seagrave, Sterling
1996 Lords of the rim, the invisible empire of the overseas Chinese. London:
Corgi Books.
Seale, Clive
1998 Constructing death: the sociology of dying and bereavement. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Sek Tong Seah Seh Cheah Kongsi(石塘社姓謝公司)
1918 ‘History of the Cheah clan of Sek Tong Seah’, Penang: Cheah Si Hock
Haw Kong Kongsi(謝氏福侯公公司)。
Simoniya, N.A.
1961 Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia: a Russian study. Trans. by U. S. Joint
Publications Research Service, Ithaca: Cornell University.
Singh, Jyotsna G.
1996 Colonial narratives, cultural dialogues: “discoveries” of India in the
language of colonialism. London: Routledge.
Soja, Edward W.
1989 Postmodern geographies, the research of space in critical social theory.
London: Verso.
Soja, Edward W.
1996 Third space, journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places.
Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.
Sorensen, Clark W.
1993 ‘Ancestors and in-laws: kinship beyond the family’, in Asia’s cultural
mosaic, G. Evans, ed. N.Y.: Prentice Hall. pp. 118-151.
Steinfeld, Robert J.
1991 The invention of free labor, the employment relation in English and
American law and culture, 1350-1870. Chapel Hill: the University of
North Carolina Press.
Stevens, Harm
1998 Dutch enterprise and the VOC 1602~1799. Amsterdam: Walburg Pers.
Stevenson, David
1988 The origins of freemasonry, Scotland’s century, 1590-1710. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Stoler, Ann Laura
1985 Capitalism and confrontation in Sumatra’s plantation belt 1870-1979. New
Have: Yale University Press.
Súarez, Thomas
1999 Early mapping of Southeast Asia. Hong Kong: Periplus.
Syed Hussein Alatas
1977 The myth of the lazy native, a study of the image of the Malays, Filipinos
and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th century and its function in the

ideology of colonial capitalism. London: Frank Cass.
Tate, D.J.M., comp.
1989 Straits affairs, the Malay world and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Falcon
Press.
The City Council of George Town
1966 Penang: past and present, 1786-1963, a historical account of the City of
George Town since 1786. Penang: the City Council of George Town.
The Historical Personalities of Penang Committee
1986 Historical personalities of Penang. Penang: the Historical Personalities of
Penang Committee.
Thompson, E. P.
1993 Customs in common. N.Y.: New Press.
Tönnies, Ferdinand
1988 [1957] Community and society (gemeinschaft und gesellschaft). New
Brunswick: Transaction Books.
Tregonning, K.G.
1965 The British in Malaya, the first forty years, 1786-1826. Tucson: the
University of Arizona Press.
1967 Home port Singapore a history of Straits Steamship Company Limited,
1890-1965. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Trocki, Carl A.
1987 ‘The rise of Singapore’s great opium syndicate, 1840-1886’ Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies, 18, no. 1, March 1987: pp.58-80.
1990 Opium and empire-Chinese Society in colonial Singapore, 1800-1910.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1993 ‘The collapse of Singapore’s great syndicate’, in J. Butcher and H. Dick,
eds. The rise and fall of revenue farming, business elites and the
emergence of the modern state in Southeast Asia. Houndmills: the
MacMillan Press Ltd. pp. 166-181.
1997 Boundaries and transgressions; Chinese enterprise in eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century Southeast Asia. in Aihwa Ong and D.M. Nonini, eds.,
Ungrounded empires: the cultural politics of modern Chinese

transnationalism, New York: Routledge. pp. 61-85.
1999 Opium, empire and the global political economy, a study of the Asian
opium trade 1750-1950. London: Routledge.
Vaughan, Jona Daniel
1971 [1879] The manners and customs of the Chinese. Singapore: Oxford
University Press.
vol. I The lands below the winds
vol. II Expansion and crisis
Wang Ling-chi and Wang Gungwu, eds.
1998 The Chinese diaspora: selected essays. Vol. I. Singapore: Times Academic
Press.
Wang, Gungwu
1998 ‘Preface’, in The Chinese diaspora. selected essays. Wang Ling-chi and
Wang Gungwu, eds. 1998, Singapore: Times Academic Press. pp. vii-ix.
Wang, Ling-chi
1998 ‘On luodi-shenggen’, in The Chinese diaspora. selected essays. Wang
Ling-chi and Wang Gungwu, eds. 1998, Singapore: Times Academic
Press. pp. x-xi.
Wang, Tai Peng(王大鵬)
1994 The origins of Chinese kongsi. Selangor Darul Ehsan: Pelanduk
Publications Sdn Bhd.
Watson, James L. and E. S. Rawski, eds.
1988 Death ritual in late imperial and modern China. Taipei: SMC Publishing
Inc.
Welsh, Frank
1997 A history of Hong Kong. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
Williams, Raymond
1993 [1973] The country and the city. London: the Hogarth Press.
Wong, Lin Ken(黃麟根)
1964 The revenue farms of Prince or Wales Island 1805-1830. Journal of the
South Seas Society (1964-65): 56-127.

Wynne, M.L.
1941 Triad and tabut: A survey of the origins and diffusion of Chinese and
Mohammedan secret societies in the Malay peninsula, 1800-1935.
Singapore: Government Printing Office, distributed 1957 (Unpublished).
Yeang, Ken
1992 The architecture of Malaysia. Amsterdam: The Pepin Press.
Yeap Joo Kim
1993 [1975] The Patriarch. Singapore: Lee Teng Lay Pte. Ltd.
Yen, Ching-hwang(顏清湟)
1986 A social history of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya 1800-1911.
Singapore: Oxford University Press.
1995 Community and politics: the Chinese in colonial Singapore and Malaysia.
Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Yoneo Ishii, ed.
1998 The junk trade from Southeast Asia, translations from the Tôsen
fusetsu-gaki (唐 風說書), 1674-1723. Singapore: Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies.
Yong, C. F.
1992 Chinese leadership and power in colonial Singapore. Singapore: Times
Academic Press.
Zawawi Ibrahim
1998 The Malay labourer: by the window of capitalism. Singapore: Institute of
Southeast Asian Studies.
參考辭書、名錄、圖輯
Dorling Kindersley Book,翁維珠譯
1993 《船舶與航海》(The visual dictionary of ships and sailing, London:
Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 1991),台北:國嘉文化事業。
王秀斌等編
2000 《福建省地圖冊》,福州:福建省地圖出版社。

何孝元主編
1971 《法律學—雲五社會科學大辭典》,台北:台灣商務印書館。
林孝勝、林源福、柯木林編
1986 《新加坡華人會館沿革史》,新加坡:新加坡宗鄉會館聯合總會、國家
檔案館、口述歷史館、新加坡新聞與出版有限公司出版。
姚楠主編
1995 《東南亞歷史詞典》,上海:上海辭書出版社。
班雅明(W. Benjamin)著,許綺玲譯
1998 《迎向靈光消逝的年代,攝影小史:機械複製時代的藝術作品》,台北:
台灣攝影工作室。
楊貴誼(Yang Kui Yee)、林清吉(Lim Chin Kiat)、陳妙華(Chan Meow Wah)
1985 《華英雙解,統一標準馬來語詞典,修訂版》,斯里肯邦安:聯營出版。
鈴木勤編
1969 《植民地時代》,《世界歷史  - 第19 卷》,東京:世界文化社。
潘翎主編
1998 《海外華人百科全書》,香港:三聯書店。
潘醒農編
1952 《東南亞地名街名錄》,新加坡:南島出版社。
嚴揚帆編
1982 《亞洲十二城市街巷名稱錄》,北京:群眾出版社。
蘇偉妮主編
1999 《馬來西亞中文地名手冊》,吉隆坡:華社研究中心。
Akveld, Leo, and Els M. Jacobs, eds.
2002 The colourful world of the VOC 1602-2002. Bussum: THOTH Publishers.
Bezemer, T.J.
1921 Beknopte encyclopaedië van Nederlandsche Oost-Indië. Leiden.
Bricker, Charles, and Mark Hendy, eds.
1965 Health and economics, man’s fight against sickness and want, The
Doubleday pictorial library, vol. 9. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and
Company Inc.
Chen Voon Fee, volume editor
1998 Architecture, in The encyclopedia of Malaysia, vol. 5. Singapore:
Archipelago Press.
Dennys, N.B.
2002 [1894] A descriptive dictionary of British Malaya. London: Ganesha Pub.
Dorling Kinderley Book.
1991 The visual dictionary of ships and sailing. London: Dorling Kinderley
Limited.
Embree, Bernard L.M., Chief ed.
1984 A dictionary of southern Min(閩南語). Taipei: Taipei Language institute.
Evans, Tony, and Candida L. Green, John Betjeman
1982 English Cottatges. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Fox, Celina, ed.
1992 London – world city 1800-1840. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Heck, J.G., tr. by Spencer F. Baird
1996 [1851] The complete encyclopedia of illustration (the 1851 edition of The
iconographic encyclopaedia of science, literature, and art). N.Y.:
Gramercy Books.
Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas
1994 The Chinese American family album. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Johnston, Tess, and Deke Erh
1997 The last colonies, western architecture in China’s southern treaty ports.
Hong Kong: Old China Hand Press.
Lee, Peter, and Jennifer Chen
1998 Rumah Baba, life in a peranakan house. Singapore: National Heritage
Board, Sinpapore History Museum.
Liu, Gretchen
1986 Singapore, historical postcards. Singapore: Times Editions.
1999 Singapore, a pictorial history, 1819-2000. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP)
1995 George Town, heritage buildings of Penang Island, George Town, an
inventory of the heritage buildings and ensembles of George Town, Penang.
vol. I: The historic centre. Penang: the Municipal Council of Penang Island
(MPPP).

Morris, William, ed.
1969 The American heritage dictionary of the English language. Boston:
American Heritage Publishing Co. Inc.
Morgan, Kenneth O., ed.
1984 The Oxford illustrated history of Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mountfield, David
1979 England. Genéve: Editions Minerva S.A.
Ng, David
1986 Penang in old postcards, the city and suburbs in the early twentieth
century. Penang: Georgetown Printers Sdn. Bhd.
Onions, C.T. ed.
1955 (1933) The Oxford universal dictionary on historical principles. London:
Oxford University Press.
Perry, Clay, and Ann Gore, Laurence Fleming
1986 English villages. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Tan Kim Hong(陳劍虹)
1987 The Chinese in Penang, a pictorial documentation(檳城華族歷史圖片輯).
Penang: Penang Chinese Town Hall(檳州華人大會堂).
Tate, D.J.M., comp.
1988 Rajah Brooke’s Borneo. Petaling Jaya: Falcon Press Sdn Bhd.
1989 Straits affairs, the Malay world and Singapore being glimpses of the Straits
Settlements and the Malay Peninsula in the nineteenth century as seen
through The Illustrated London News and other contemporary sources.
Petaling Jaya: Falcon Press Sdn Bhd.
The Archives & Oral History Department
1983 Chinatown (牛車水), an album of a Singapore community. Singapore:
Times Books International.
The Pepin Press BV
2001 The Pepin Press visual encyclopedia of architecture. Amsterdam: the Pepin
Press.
Winstedt, Richard O.
1922 An English-Malay Dictionary. Singapore: Kelly and Walsh.
Wright, Arnold and H.A. Cartwright, eds.
1908 Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya. London: Lloyd’s Greater
Publishing Co., Ltd.
Yee, Paul
1988 Saltwater city, an illustrated history of the Chinese in Vancouver.
Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top