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題名:受監禁男性海洛因濫用者生活型態影響因素及其犯罪經驗之研究
作者:林佳璋
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:駱宜安
林健陽
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:藥物濫用drug abuse生活型態lifestyle
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(3) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究緣起 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 名詞解釋與界定 5
一、海洛因 5
二、安非他命 6
三、藥物濫用者 8
四、犯罪經驗 10
五、生活型態 10
第二章 文獻探討 13
第一節 臺灣藥物濫用防治現況 13
一、臺灣過去反毒的成效 13
二、臺灣藥物濫用現況分析 14
三、小結 21
第二節 藥物濫用行為成因之解釋 23
一、個體解釋 23
二、群體解釋 28
三、批判性解釋 32
四、小結 34
第三節 藥物與犯罪關係之研究 35
一、因果論斷 35
二、因果關係的再檢視 40
三、影響藥物與犯罪關係之變項 44
四、相關實證研究 51
五、小結 62
第四節 嗑藥生活型態與藥物相關犯罪 63
一、生活型態理論之發展 63
二、嗑藥生活型態之中介機制 74
三、小結 82
第五節 文獻綜合評論 83
第三章 研究設計 85
第一節 研究架構 85
第二節 研究途徑與研究方法 88
一、研究途徑之選擇 88
二、研究方法之選擇 92
第三節 研究工具 98
一、問卷調查法 98
二、深度訪談法 100
三、群體訪談法 102
第四節 研究對象與取樣策略 104
一、先導性研究 104
二、深度訪談 105
三、群體訪談 108
第五節 研究過程與信、效度控制 111
一、研究過程 111
二、信、效度控制 113
第六節 資料分析方法 121
一、整理訪談內容和執行編碼 122
二、個案內分析 122
三、跨個案間分析 123
四、建立生活歷程網絡圖 123
第四章 綜合分析與討論 125
第一節 受監禁海洛因濫用者類型與特性 125
一、研究對象特性分析 125
二、台北監獄海洛因濫用者藥物與犯罪經驗分析 134
三、無效卷影響評估 135
四、小結 137
第二節 海洛因濫用者的生命故事 138
第三節 海洛因濫用者生活型態影響因素 187
一、海洛因濫用者生活型態主要影響因素 188
二、深度訪談與焦點座談結果之比較分析 200
三、服役的關聯性 202
四、小結 203
第四節 海洛因濫用者的藥物與犯罪關係 205
一、藥物與犯罪關係之態樣 207
二、藥物與犯罪之關聯議題討論 209
三、小結 213
第五節 海洛因濫用者嗑藥生活型態對犯罪之影響 215
一、海洛因濫用者嗑藥生活型態與犯罪 215
二、嗑藥生活歷程 216
三、小結 218
第五章 結論與建議 221
第一節 主要研究發現 222
一、海洛因藥物濫用族群特性 222
二、海洛因濫用者生活型態主要影響因素 223
三、海洛因濫用者的藥物與犯罪關係 225
四、海洛因濫用者嗑藥生活型態對犯罪之影響 226
第二節 多觀點對話 228
一、生活型態影響日常活動,是犯罪(被害)機會因素 228
二、犯罪生活型態就是一種犯罪性,也是犯罪行為決意的關鍵 229
三、犯罪生活型態是犯罪人生命歷程或犯罪生涯的一種表徵 229
第三節 建議 231
一、現階段反毒政策 231
二、本研究建議 233
第四節 研究省思 236
一、精鍊藥物濫用的質化研究 236
二、犯罪風險管控是否可期? 236
三、未來研究方向 238
第五節 研究限制 242
參考文獻 245
附錄一、受監禁藥物濫用者類型問卷調查表 270
附錄二、受監禁男性海洛因濫用者生活型態影響因素及其犯罪經驗之研究訪談表 272
附錄三、訪談同意書 275
附錄四、座談指引(一) 276
附錄五、座談指引(二) 279
附錄六、受監禁藥物濫用者類型問卷調查編碼表 280
表 次
表2-3-1 吸毒與犯罪關係模式表 43
表2-4-1 生活型態構面表 64
表2-4-2 國內外生活型態相關研究之構面表 66
表2-4-3 生活型態在犯罪學上的界定 73
表2-4-4 藥物與犯罪關係表 74
表2-4-5 海洛因施用者的生涯階段類型 76
表3-2-1 訪談時間表 94
表3-3-1 訪談內容總表 101
表3-4-1 深度訪談受訪人員基本資料表 107
表3-4-2 臺灣晨曦會座談人員基本資料表 109
表3-4-3 主愛之家座談人員基本資料 110
表3-5-1 判定研究嚴謹度或值得信任度的標準 114
表3-5-2 研究經驗表 116
表3-5-3 本土藥物濫用研究發現比較 119
表3-5-3 本土藥物濫用研究發現比較(續) 120
表4-1-1 年齡、教育程度、入監前婚姻狀況統計表 126
表4-1-2 入監前就業狀況統計表 127
表4-1-3 本次入獄之施用藥物種類統計表 128
表4-1-4 過去施用毒品的主要類型、單一施用、分期施用、混合併用統計表 130
表4-1-5 海洛因施用者(入監罪名之一)的藥物經驗統計表 131
表4-1-6 初次因犯罪嫌疑被捕年齡、被捕罪名統計表 132
表4-1-7 初次用藥年齡、用藥品名統計表 132
表4-1-8 施用毒品以外之犯罪經驗、過去多數犯罪經驗的主要原因統計表 133
表4-1-9 海洛因濫用者藥物經驗、施用毒品以外之犯罪經驗交叉分析 135
表4-1-10 無效卷影響比較表 136
表4-2-1 A1生命關鍵事件表 139
表4-2-2 A2生命關鍵事件表 145
表4-2-3 A3生命關鍵事件表 150
表4-2-4 A4生命關鍵事件表 155
表4-2-5 A5生命關鍵事件表 162
表4-2-6 A6生命關鍵事件表 168
表4-2-7 A7生命關鍵事件表 176
表4-2-8 A8生命關鍵事件表 181
表4-3-1 跨個案生活型態重要變項比較表 187
表4-3-2 海洛因濫用者嗑藥生活型態主要歸因比較表 203
表4-4-1 跨個案藥物與犯罪關係比較表 205
表4-5-1 嗑藥生活型態發展階段表 216
圖 次
圖2-4-1 環境犯罪學、犯罪型態理論、理性選擇理論關係圖 68
圖2-4-2 犯罪生活型態理論結構圖 70
圖3-1-1 研究架構圖 86
圖3-5-1 研究流程圖 112
圖4-5-1 嗑藥生活歷程網絡圖 217
論文摘要
本研究採用了問卷調查、深度訪談、群體訪談三種資料蒐集方法,分別在台北監獄(Taipei Prison)、台灣晨曦會(Operation DAWN)、主愛之家(Agape House)等三個場域進行研究,欲達成四項研究目的:
(一)探討海洛因藥物濫用者之特性。
(二)探討影響受監禁男性成年海洛因藥物濫用者生活型態之主要因素。
(三)暸解海洛因藥物濫用者嗑藥生活型態與犯罪的關係,補充藥物濫用行為與犯罪行為互動模式之內涵。
(四)依據研究結果對未來的反毒政策提供建言。
主要研究發現:
一、藥物濫用主要族群有三,最大的是混用海洛因、(甲基)安非他命者,初期以(甲基)安非他命濫用入門,在成年後進階施用,進而混合併用海洛因的比率逐漸昇高,這是目前主要的多重藥物濫用型態,其次是(甲基)安非他命濫用者、海洛因濫用者。整體海洛因濫用者的犯罪經驗依序為吸毒、竊盜、販毒。在犯罪與毒品關聯上,犯罪確與毒品有高度相關,且以毒品的藥理作用影響最大,缺乏買藥的金錢其次。
二、影響嗑藥生活型態的主要因素分別為:(一)家庭結構與功能不健全(二)學校弱依附與中輟 (三)重大負向經驗(四)早期偏差行為與感化教育(五)經濟來源不穩定(六)不良友伴 (七)藥物成癮與犯罪 (八)矯治失效。
三、主要犯罪經驗與藥物的關係,呈現三種態樣:1.藥物造成犯罪;2入門藥物施用與犯罪行為具有共因;3.藥物惡化犯罪。這三種關係為文獻中認為有關藥物與犯罪之因果關係具有單向、互動、共因、隨機模式,補充了一種植基於生活型態的動態因果歷程。
四、嗑藥生活型態中介的核心變項係不良友伴,其影響貫穿整個生活史,個體通過自由意志的選擇,在人與情境的相互關係中,與不良友伴糾纏一生。
本研究採用了在犯罪學研究上的三種不同的「生活型態」觀點:機會(情境)、犯罪性(特質)、歷程(事件),進行理論對話,最後提出七項建言:
一、預防入門藥物與犯罪文化之結合
二、維持藥癮者穩定工作之輔導與機會
三、重視藥癮者的家庭諮商與治療模式
四、建立隔離不良友伴與藥物的中途之家
五、發展多重藥物濫用類型之個別化處遇模式
六、強化戒毒或停止犯罪的正面生活型態
七、拓展非正式刑事司法治療性機制
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in three different places including the Taipei Prison, the Operation Dawn and the Agape House by using three data-collecting methods, questionnaire survey, in-depth interview and focus group interview in order to reach the bellowing four goals:
1. to explore the characteristics of heroin-abusers.
2. to explore the major factors affecting the lifestyles of male adults heroin-abusers before being kept in prison.
3. to find out the relations between the lifestyles of drug abuser and their offences, and to supplement the interactive contents between drug and crime.
4. to provide suggestions for future anti-drug policies, based on the findings of this research. The findings are:
(1) There are three major groups of drug abusers. The first and largest group are multi-drug users who take methamphetamine as beginning in adolescence and the mixture of heroin and methamphetamine later in adulthood. The second largest group are those who take either methamphetamine or heroin. The heroin abusers have their offending potentiality from drug abuse to larceny orderly and then drug dealing. On the connection between drug and crime, those who take heroin consider they are relevant, and the psychopharmacological reason is more stronger than economic-compulsive one.
(2) The main variables of drug-using lifestyle are:
a. dysfunctional family background
b. weak school-attachment and dropouts
c. negative critical incidents
d. early deviant behaviors
e. unstable income
f. undesirable friends
g. drug addiction and criminal behaviors
h. corrective treatments failure
(3) There are three major models of drug-crime relations:
a. drug leads to crime
b. drug and crime are co-factored in early stage
c. drug aggravates crime
These three models were considered to have the feature of one-way, interactive, common and random in relating literatures, and supplementing a dynamic causation course which rooted in lifestyle.
(4) The cord mediating variable of drug-abuse lifestyle is undesirable friends, who affects the entire history of one’s drug-abuse lifestyle. Interacting with others and circumstances, an individual, out of his/her own will, tangles with undesirable friends for the rest of his/her life.
This study adopts three different viewpoints of Criminology research to dialogue with theories: opportunity (situation), criminality (trait) and course (event). Seven suggestions are here provided:
1. to prevent the combination of introductory drugs and criminal cultures.
2. to provide job coaching and opportunities for drug abusers.
3. to emphasize on family counseling and therapy for drug abusers.
4. to create halfway houses for drug abusers to keep away from undesirable friends.
5. to develop individual treatment models for multi-drug abusers.
6. to enhance positive lifestyles of drug rehabilitation and stop-offending.
7. to develop informal therapeutic justice.
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