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題名:非行同儕、負向情緒與效能影響少年偏差行為發展之研究
作者:翁國峰
作者(外文):Guo-Fong Weng
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治所
指導教授:楊士隆
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:生命歷程自律效能偏差行為少年偏差軌跡群組轉捩點非行同儕憂鬱憤怒自我效能life-coursejuveniledelinquencydeviant trajectory groupsself efficacyangerdeviant peerdepressturning pointself-regulatory efficacy
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本文援用吳齊殷教授主持之衛生署國衛院所資助的「青少年藥物濫用之起因:一個社會學習模型」(DOH87-,88-HR-621)研究計畫,由1996至2001共6年之長期追蹤調查資料,以犯罪生命歷程理論之概念,探討保護(自我、自律效能)與風險(非行同儕與負向情緒)因素影響台灣少年偏差行為發展的效果,並依此提出新的發現與理論辯證。
作者發現台灣少年偏差行為軌跡發展可分為6個類型群組,與西方少年軌跡群組最大不同的特性是,幾乎所有軌跡群組少年的偏差行為發展,在升學前後國、高中時期均有顯著之差異。其次,檢驗非行同儕之效果,本文分析顯示,非行同儕不論是預測各軌跡群組的偏差行為,或是在國、高中時期,都具有顯著的影響力。除此之外,本文發現非行同儕具有「平台」效果,可透過交互作用連結其他負向情緒、效能因素,而促發或抑制偏差行為的發生。這個發現調和了控制與社會學習理論對非行同儕效果的爭議。在交互作用的組合關係中,控制與社會學習理論觀點,均能適當地解釋非行同儕對偏差行為的影響。
在負向情緒方面,符合Agnew將憤怒視為緊張理論核心的觀點,本文發現以群組相互比較時,憤怒影響力確實高於憂鬱。還有長期以來,犯罪學、心理學界對於憂鬱與偏差行為併發模式,主要4個觀點(穩定、相互影響、表現出來與挫敗) 之爭議,本文運用群組-整體-時段的分析模式,發現4個觀點在特定群組與時段中均獲得驗證,本文之分析不但解釋了造成觀點互異的原因,也調和了彼 此的爭議。
效能因素方面,符合Bandura效能理論認為,自我與自律效能可以緩和偏差行為的觀點,分析結果發現,自律效能與非行同儕間相互克制的情形非常明顯,而自我效能在國中時期,具有抑制偏差行為發生效果。進一步,以整體樣本為分析,本文發現少年效能發展對偏差行為影響有轉換效果,國中時期是自我效能為主導;高中時期則轉為自律效能主導。
目前少年犯罪實證研究大多專注於風險因素,但是對於風險與保護因素之間的相互關係,是否也能影響少年偏差行為卻較少重視。本文發現自我效能與憂鬱間有高度相關性,其組合關係對偏差行為的影響機制,在國中時期中是以高自我效能為引導,而高中時期中則是以高憂鬱為引導。這個論點在效能-憂鬱組與非行同儕交互作用效果的驗證上依然成立。
最後,在少年犯罪生命歷程研究方法上,本文提出必須重視時段(升學轉捩點前後)與樣本(軌跡群組及整體)的潛在影響。藉由這個這分析模式,本文較過去相關研究更為了解,少年時期非行同儕與其他負向情緒與效能因素之交互作用效果,在不同時段與群組中發展的特性,研究方法的改良,也可作為本文主要貢獻之一。
This article use the database from “The Etiology of Adolescent''s Substance Abuse: A Social Learning Model 1996-2001 National Health Research Institute” (DOH87-,88-HR-621), conducted by Professor Wu Chyi-In. Based on the six-year panel data and concept of the life course criminology, the author discovered new concepts and provided supporting evidences on the effect of protective factors (self efficacy , self regulatory efficacy), and risk factors (deviant peers, negative emotions) on the Taiwanese juvenile delinquency development.
Based on the author’s research, Taiwanese juvenile delinquency can be categorized to six groups. Different from the Western youth, Taiwanese juvenile delinquency is significantly different from the time period of junior high school to high school. The analysis shows that deviant peers can predict the delinquency of each trajectory group, or cause significant impact from junior high school to high school. Besides, deviant peers also serve the “platform” role, which connects or interacts the negative emotions and efficacy factors, agitating or mediating the delinquency development. The research result soothes the debate of control and social learning theory on the deviant peers. Through the interactive combinations, control and social learning theory yield legitimate explanations on the delinquency impact from the deviant peers.
From the aspect of negative emotion, the research result is in accordance with the core perspective of strain theory. The author found that the influence of anger is much higher than that of depression while comparing different trajectory groups,. It has been a long-term debate on the effect of co-occurrence of depression and delinquency in criminology and psychology. The debate includes four controversial points: stability, mutual influence, acting-out, and failure. By conducting the analysis model of groups and time period, the above mentioned four points were verified and proved. This article not only explains the cause of the different views, but also soothe the debate.
For the influence of the efficacy factors, the research result is accordance with Bandura’s efficacy theory; self and self regulatory efficacy can slow down the delinquency. The Analysis shows that the repelling situation between the self regulatory and deviant peers is quite obvious. Self-efficacy can suppress the delinquency during the junior high school. Furthermore, when analyzing the entire sample, this article discovers that efficacy factors can change the delinquency. During the junior high school, self-efficacy takes the lead, whereas the self regulatory takes the lead during the high school.
Recent researches on the juvenile delinquency most focus on the risk factors and less focus on the mutual relations between risk and protective factors. This article shows that self-efficacy and depression has a close relationship, the combination relationship causes strong impact on the delinquency. During the junior high school, the high self-efficacy takes the lead, whereas the high depression takes the lead during the high school. This theory is also well-proved on the interaction result between efficacy-depression and deviant peers.
Finally, this article emphasizes the potential influence of timing (turning points of the schooling) and sampling (trajectory groups) while conducting the life course criminology of juvenile delinquency research. Using this research approach, This article is more elucidated than other relevant articles in the past on the interaction effect among deviant peers, negative emotions and efficacy factors on the development of different time and groups. Improved research methods are also one of the major contributions in this article.
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