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題名:意義概念的分立
作者:蒲世豪
作者(外文):Shi-Hao Puu
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:哲學研究所
指導教授:楊金穆
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:戴維森達美特維根斯坦意義理論DavidsonDummettWittgensteinTheory of Meaning
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本論文中,我試圖提出一種不同的觀點來說明兩種針鋒相對的意義理論根本上不衝突,甚至同時是正確的。這兩種不同路線的意義理論,一是以「真值條件」為核心的意義理論,代表者為Davidson;另一是以「使用概念」為中心的理論,其代表為Wittgenstein與Dummett。這兩者的對立是語言哲學中非常有趣而且重要的論題。論文第二章即在型構、討論以及評價這兩種不同的意義理論。
如何解決此衝突?我試圖說明,我們往往只由單一方式去理解的「意義」其實是個組合物,對意義的理解是由兩種原則上彼此獨立的能力所組成,就像形狀概念是由兩種獨立感官:觸覺與視覺共同建構而成。對意義來說,這兩者一是人認知外物之能力,二是人反應價值之能力,而這兩種相對立的意義理論,剛好描述這兩種不同的能力,因此同時是正確的,我稱之為「意義概念的分立」。
或許第三章案例更能說明此意含。心理學知覺研究上有種稱為雙向分立的病例,病人對視覺資訊的處理會喪失「反應」或「表徵」一方的內容,但另一方維持正常,比方說他看不見東西,卻可以在行動上正確反應,或看得見東西,卻無法反應在行動上。這顯示對知覺資訊之處理有兩個獨立的系統牽涉在內。
但這是否只是知覺活動的特性,與思想及意義的理解無關呢?第四章是一個由案例構作而成的長篇論證,透過額葉傷患、阿茲海默症、自閉症甚至失算症的病狀之討論與分析,我試圖指出,除了知覺以外,在我們思考活動之中,普遍地存在著分立現象之案例。有的病患保有對外界資訊的認知能力,卻喪失了追求價值的行為能力,而有的病患卻剛好與前者相反,這些現象似乎值得進一步探討。
那又該如何解釋這種分立現象呢?第五章是對雙向分立現象之解釋。為此我們需要建構出一個分為「表徵」與「反應」的雙層資訊處理模型來重新理解我們的思考過程,對語言意義的理解只是其中一例而已。除了透過理論上的討論之外,我也特別補充了語詞意義相關連的案例做為佐證。意義分立的概念不只有理論上的必要性,也有實際經驗的證據。
但是這類處理過程到底與「哲學」或「意義理論」有何關係?第六章對此作探討。對語言意義的完整理解包括了「適當地計畫行動」—「說話」以及「正確的認知模型」—「聽話」兩者,但我們在哲學上傾向於認為,在個體正確的認知模型與適當的行動計畫間必定有一種概念上的關連,因此我們很容易把兩系統的不同任務當作同一個系統的不同任務,並對首要任務為何爭論不休。意義理論不是有兩個核心,而是應該有分別關於說話與聽話「兩個」不同的意義理論。
第七章是意義分立概念的回顧與發展,一方面回到語言哲學發展中尋找意義分立的線索,另一方面探討分立系統之關連與發展。首先說明分立系統間的確有密切的連結,只是這是一種經驗式聯結,會隨著問題與理解的內容有所不同。最後提出其實某些其他領域的哲學爭論其實也是思考與意義分立的結果,如果我們的理論正確,這類爭論也應由此得到某些調解跟啟發,以此作為發展與結束。
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