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題名：虛擬原型與實體模型之真實度研究-以汽車造形設計為例
作者：陳坤淼 引用關係
作者(外文)：Kuen-meau Chen
校院名稱：國立臺灣科技大學
系所名稱：設計研究所
指導教授：陳玲鈴
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2008
主題關鍵詞：汽車造形設計；判別認知；真實性；虛擬原型；Car Styling Design；Form Perception；Realism；Virtual Prototype
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本研究嘗試了解虛擬原型與實體模型的真實度認知差異，主要分為三階段，第一階段：建置全尺寸投影環境；第二階段：透過專家訪談方式，歸納六大判別真實度屬性分別為造形屬性、光影屬性、色彩屬性、材質屬性、細節屬性、整體效果屬性；第三階段：使用OpenGL繪圖模式（即時模式）與Global illumination繪圖模式(非即時模式)分別進行兩次實驗。首先實驗（一）：以「實車」（Real Car）為比較基準，分別針對「縮小模型車」（Scaled Physical Model）、「即時縮小虛擬車」（Scaled Virtual Model）、「即時全尺寸虛擬車」（Full-Scaled Virtual Model）進行真實度實驗。其次實驗（二）：以「實車」（Real Car）為比較基準，分別針對「縮小模型車」（Scaled Physical Model）、「即時縮小虛擬車」（Scaled Virtual Model）「即時全尺寸虛擬車」（Full-Scaled Virtual Model）「非即時縮小虛擬車」 (Offline Rendered Scaled Virtual Model)、「非即時全尺寸虛擬車」 (Offline Rendered Full-Scaled Virtual Model)，進行不同視角的判別屬性比較。
研究結果發現在汽車虛擬量體以即時繪圖或非即時繪圖方式呈現下，就視角的真實度而言，以透視表現最佳，不過與其他視角比較並沒有顯著性差異存在。實驗（一）：就造形屬性而言，「全尺寸虛擬車」所呈現之效果比「縮小模型車」及「縮小虛擬車」呈現較佳，且與「縮小虛擬車」有顯著性之差異存在，因此全尺寸比例的呈現，對造形屬性判別而言扮演十分重要的角色。就光影屬性,色彩屬性和材質屬性而言，「縮小模型車」比「全尺寸虛擬車」與「縮小虛擬車」能得到更佳之效果。不過，細節屬性，則以「全尺寸虛擬車」呈現的效果較佳，而與「縮小模型車」比較起來並沒有顯著性的差異；整體效果屬性而言則以「縮小模型車」較佳，「全尺寸虛擬車」次之，而「縮小虛擬車」最差。
實驗（二）：以「非即時虛擬車」呈現，在所有判別屬性中的表現皆是最佳，就整體而言依序分別為「非即時全尺寸虛擬車」、「非即時縮小虛擬車」、「縮小模型車」、「即時全尺寸虛擬車」、「即時縮小虛擬車」。
由實驗（一）與實驗（二）我們得知，「縮小模型車」優於「即時全尺寸虛擬車」因此我們瞭解人們在視覺評估中仍習慣實體呈現及可觸摸之感覺。
在全尺寸或縮小投影，若以「非即時虛擬車」呈現，在所有判別屬性中的表現皆是最佳，也就是說未來如果「即時虛擬車」效果能夠做成如同「非即時虛擬車」的效果一致，相信將能充分運用至汽車造形設計中，其真實度將接近實車效果。
This research seeks to understand the differences between virtual prototypes and physical models in representing car-styling features. A virtual design environment was built for design evaluation based on full-scale cars, which consists of a personal computer host server, three high-end projectors, and a geometric controller. The system projects an image with 2424*768 pixel resolution and 6m*2m projection area, satisfying the requirement of modeling a car in full scale. Through experts’ interview, six sets of evaluation attributes were identified: form, lighting and shadow, details, color, material, and realism. Virtual models using two different types of rendering methods are used in the experiments: real-time rendered virtual prototypes using OpenGL render engine; and offline rendered virtual prototypes using global illumination techniques.
The first experiment compares the different degrees of realism conveyed by physical models and real-time rendered virtual prototypes, with respect to realism closet to the real car. Overall, we found that scaled physical models conveyed the highest degree of realism, followed by full-scale virtual prototypes, and then scaled virtual prototypes. With respect to form attributes, full-scale virtual prototypes delivered better realism than scaled physical and virtual models, where the differences are significant between full-scale and scaled virtual prototypes. Thus, being able to view form features in full size appears to be important in perceiving objects’ forms. With respect to lighting and shadow as well as color and material attributes, scaled physical models conveyed higher degree of realism than full-scale or scaled virtual prototypes. In terms of details attributes, full-scale virtual prototypes provided better realism than scaled virtual prototypes, but not significantly better than scaled physical models. For realism attributes, scaled physical models conveyed the highest degree of realism, followed by full-scale virtual prototypes, and then scaled virtual prototypes.
The second experiment compares the differences in the degrees of realism conveyed by physical models and virtual models (rendered in both real-time and offline). We found that, the full-size virtual model rendered offline using global illumination (FVM-VRay) and the scaled virtual model rendered offline using global illumination (SVM-VRay) were the best, followed by the scaled physical model (SPM) and the full-size virtual model rendered in real time (FVM-Vizard), while the scaled virtual model rendered in real time (SVM-Vizard) comes last. In terms of form properties, FVM-VRay, SVM-VRay and FVM-Vizard have better performance than SPM and SVM-Vizard. Therefore, the full-scaled projection appears to play a crucial role in the perception of form. For lighting, color, material, detail, and overall effect properties, FVM-VRay, SVM-VRay and SPM show better performance. In almost all aspects, virtual models rendered using the global illumination rendering delivered good performance in realism for either full-scaled or scaled projection.
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