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題名:傑佛遜的密蘇里爭議:世代主權與奴隸制度
作者:朱文章
作者(外文):Sydney Wen-jang Chu
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所博士班
指導教授:陳一新
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:共和主義世代主權奴隸制度聯邦Republicanismgenerational sovereigntyslaveryUnion
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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1819年密蘇里地區向美國國會提出加入聯邦的請求,引起國會議員爭辯,並形成美國歷史以及憲法史上的「密蘇里妥協」。在此之前,美國各州在國會議事,皆在追求本州或本地區利益。開國先賢如傑弗遜等深知地方主義對彼等辛苦締建的聯邦並無裨益,故極力消弭之。1800年後南方共和黨人在傑佛遜、麥迪遜、門羅等帶領下長期執政,有效地消弭北方聯邦黨對新共和的離心,在憲法相關規定未臻明確的情況下,苦心經營,保全了聯邦的統一。
但1812年對英第二次戰爭之後,開國第一代以及第二代的參政者多出身律師,對不斷變動的國家利益,以及領土日益拓展產生的國家定位有所爭議,並以國會作為戰場,以密蘇里案中的奴隸制度作為議題,對憲法、共和體制以及南北分歧等,進行熱烈爭辯,並以妥協案結束爭議。
開國元勳當中,傑佛遜對本案反應最為激烈,認為密蘇里爭議是「深夜的火警聲」,是危害共和「開頭的章節,而非結束」。他奉行「世代主權」觀念,提倡現存的一代,不可債留子孫,危害下一代的幸福;而下一代也要秉持相同精神,為下下一代的幸福做努力。本論文發現,在傑佛遜眼中,國會議員達成妥協,訂出阻擋密蘇里加入聯邦的憲法先例時,這些國會議員坐實了傑佛遜1789年致麥迪遜函中所倡言的,死去的一代向活著的人(密州人民)宣戰,剝奪了他們的幸福。本案不僅是美國第二代不珍惜開國先賢傳承下來的寶貴遺產,更是既存的各州,為了自己的利益,危害新進各州(未來子孫)利益的例子。因為這個妥協案背叛了美國開國的共和精神,因而在傑佛遜眼中,這些國會議員必須承受「背叛全世界希望」這個罪名。
Before the Missouri Compromise, Americans found that each state, or region, desired different policies that would benefit it specifically. Jefferson realized that it would be improbable, if not impossible, to have states with different interests agree on issues to pass effective legislation. Had the Republicans not in power after 1800, northern states in all likelihood would have maintained their own sectional interest structure and remain unconcerned with that of its neighbors unless conflict arose. It was at best unwise to let the distinct states to have their own way in the Union. The Republicans did, despite outstanding political theory that stipulated that republic government could not be maintained in regions greater than city-states, whatever they could to keep the Union together. But the changing interests caused by wars and expanding landscape eventually challenged the two generation’s perception toward each other and toward the Constitution, or the revolution legacy, itself during the Debate.
Few things caused Jefferson more consternation than the Controversy, which Jefferson considered the “firebell in the night” and that the Compromise would “reprieve only, not a final sentence”. Missouri, to him, was the example of how Americans posterities may not sustain legacy of the fathers; it was also the example of how interest of one state or region suppressing new states, the future generations. This article reveals when congressmen set up a precedent to check the admission of Missouri, the dead (disguised by the forms of municipal law as Jefferson mentioned in his letter to Madison in 1789) waged a war on the living generation in Missouri and these congressmen thus bore a greater responsibility for the “treason against the hopes of the world”.
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Whipple, Dewin P. Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1879

Whitman, T. Stephen. Challenging Slavery in the Chesapeake: Black and White Resistance to Human Bondage, 1775-1865, Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2007

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Articles


Adair, Douglass “The Intellectual Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy” (Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1943)

Appleby, Joyce. “Republicanism and Ideology.” American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 461-473.

______. “Republicanism in Old and New Contexts.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, No. 1. (Jan., 1986), pp. 20-34.new window

Berns, Walter. “The Constitution and the Migration of Slaves.” The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 78, No. 2. (Dec., 1968), pp. 198-228.

Brophy, Alfred Laurence. “The Intersection of Property and Slavery in Southern Legal Thought: From Missouri Compromise through Civil War.” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2001).

Budney, Stephen P. “William Jay and the Influence of Federalist Antislavery.” (Ph.d. diss., University of Mississippi, 2000).

Cohen, William. “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Dec., 1969), pp. 503-526.

Combs, H. Jason. “Early Settlement of a Frontier Community: the Platte Purchase, 1836-1850.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Nebraska, 2000).

Cooke, J. W. “Jefferson on Liberty” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 34, No. 4. (Oct. - Dec., 1973), pp. 563-576.

Coulter, E. Merton. “The Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 294, America and a New Asia. (Jul. 1954)

Cox, Nicholas P. “The Origin and Exhaustion of the Doughfaces: Three Profiles of Martin Van Buren, Michael Walsh, and James Buchanan.” (Master Thesis, University of Houston, 2007).

Crapol, Edward P. “John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, N0.3 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 467-491

Detweiler, Philip F. “Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence, 1819-1821.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 3. (Apr., 1958), pp. 598-616.

Diggins, John P. “Slavery, Race, and Equality: Jefferson and the Pathos of the Enlightenment.” American Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2, Special Issue: An American Enlightenment. (Summer, 1976), pp. 206-228.

Earl M. Maltz, “Slavery, Federalism, and the Structure of the Constitution.” The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 36, No. 4. (Oct., 1992), pp. 466-498.

Forbes, Robert P. “Slavery and the Meaning of America, 1819-1833,” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1994).

Freehling, William W. “The Founding Fathers and Slavery.” The American Historical Review, Vol.77, No.1 (Feb., 1972), pp.81-93.new window

Gannon, Kevin M. “Calculating the Value of Union: States’ Rights, Nullification, and Secession in the North, 1800-1848” (Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina, 2002).


Gutzman, K.R. Constantine. “Old Dominion, New Republic: Making Virginia Republican, 1776-1840.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1999).

Halperin, Terri Diane. “Dangerous to Liberty: The United States Senate, 1789-1821.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 2000).

Hammond, John Craig, “Slavery and Freedom in the Early American West: From the Northwest Ordnance to the Missouri Controversy, 1787-1821.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky, 2004).

______. “The Missouri Controversy and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America” Journal of the Early Republic Vol. 28, Iss. 1 (Spring, 2008) p. 122.new window

Hizer, Trenton Eynon. “’Virginia is Now Divided’: Politics in the Old Dominion 1820-1833” (PH.D diss., University of South Carolina, 1997).

Horsman, Reginald. “The Dimensions of an "Empire for Liberty": Expansion and Republicanism, 1775-1825.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Spring, 1989), pp. 1-20.new window

Howe, John R. Jr. “John Adams''s Views of Slavery.” The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 49, No. 3. (Jul., 1964), pp. 201-206.


Hutchinson, William T. “Unite to Divide; Divide to Unite: The Shaping of American Federalism.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 46, No. 1. (Jun., 1959), pp. 3-18.new window

Iaccarino, Anthony Alfred. “Virginia and the National Contest over Slavery in the Early Republic, 1780-1833.” (Ph.d. diss., University of California- Los Angeles, 1999).

Kates, Don B. Jr. “Abolition, Deportation, Integration: Attitudes Toward Slavery in the Early Republic.” The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jan., 1968), pp. 33-47.new window

Kerber, Linda K. “The Republican Ideology of the Revolutionary Generation.” American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 474-495.

Kidd, Charles Burke. “Dixie’s Shortcomings for Survival.” (Master Thesis, California State University Dominguez Hills, 2001).

Kosiorek, Jeffrey Anthony. “Revolutionary Commemoration, Liberty, and Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century America.” (Ph.D. diss., University of South California, 2006).

Lee, Susanna Michele. “Claiming the Union: Stories of Loyalty in the Post-Civil War South.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 2005)

Leibiger, Stuart. “Thomas Jefferson and the Missouri Crisis: An Alternative Interpretation.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, No. 1. (Spring, 1997), pp. 121-130.new window

Lightner, David L. “The Founders and the Interstate Slave Trade.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 22, No. 1. (Spring, 2002), pp. 25-51.new window

Maltz, Earl M. “Slavery, Federalism, and the Structure of the Constitution.” The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 36, No. 4. (Oct., 1992), pp. 466-498.

Mansfield, Michael William. “Every Selfish Passion: The Contradiction of Slavery in Revolutionary Virginia.” (Master Thesis, University of South Alabama, 1998).

Mason, Mattew. “The Rain between the Storms: The Politics and Ideology of Slavery in the United States, 1808-1821.” (Ph.d. diss., University of Maryland, 2002).

Matson, Cathy. and Onuf, Peter. “Toward a Republican Empire: Interest and Ideology in Revolutionary America.” American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 496-531.

Mercieca, Jennifer Rose. “We the People” & the Rhetorics of Republicanism in America, 1776-1845, (Ph.D. diss., of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003).

Ohline, Howard A. “Republicanism and Slavery: Origins of the Three-Fifths Clause in the United States Constitution.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 28, No. 4. (Oct., 1971), pp. 563-584.

Onuf, Peter S. “Liberty, Development, and Union: Visions of the West in the 1780s.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, No. 2. (Apr., 1986), pp. 179-213.

______. “The Scholars'' Jefferson.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 50, No. 4. (Oct., 1993), pp. 671-699.

Page, Robert D. “A Life Active and Vigilant: The Republicanism of Hezekiah Niles.” (Ph.D. diss., Georgia State University, 1996).

Patrick, Robert Pierce, Jr. “In the Interest of the South: The Life and Career of Duff Green.” (Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina, 2000).

Peterson, Merrill D. “Mr. Jefferson’s ‘Sovereignty of the Living Generation’“ Volume 52, Number 3 The Virginia Quarterly Review, (Summer 1976,) pp. 438-441

Pocock, J. G. A. “Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century,” Journal of interdisciplinary History, 3 (1972)

Schenker, Jeffrey. “James Madison: Consistent Defender of Republican Values.” (Ph.D. diss., Drew University, 2004).

Smith, William E. “The Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 59, No. 3. (Apr. 1954) pp. 641-642

Vanderford, Chad. “Rights of Humans, Rights of States: The Academic Legacy of St. George Tucker in Nineteenth-Century Virginia.” (Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 2005).



Electronic Texts


Madison, James. Hamilton, Alexander. and Jay, John. The Federalist Papers, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/federal/fed.htm

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America, Translated by Henry Reeve http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/detoc/toc_indx.html
 
 
 
 
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