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題名:國小學童在不同學習情境中論證能力表現之研究
作者:林志能
作者(外文):Chih-Neng Lin
校院名稱:國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱:科學教育研究所
指導教授:洪振方
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2011
主題關鍵詞:論證學習環境網路學習環境論證能力論證判準協調argumentation-based learning environmentnetworked learning environmentargumentation abilitiescriteria of argumentationCoordination
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本研究採用「論證即協調」(Argument as Coordination) 的論證理論觀點來設計論證文本及活動,以數學議題的論證文本作為媒材,透過故事情境的導引,將論證教學理論轉化為可在網路與課室學習環境中具體操作的論證課程,藉以提升學童的論證能力。學童需能根據現有證據、提出宣稱,而證據與宣稱之間需具備推理的合法性,在取得推理合法性的過程中,即是在進行證據與個人私有理論的「協調」,透過這種內在的協調過程以說服自己接受上述「以證據為基礎的宣稱」。同時,當學童個人觀點浮現時,受到個人學科背景知識的影響或是不同個體認知差異性的侷限等因素影響,因此個人觀點和他人觀點必須進行相互的溝通協調過程,透過外在社會對話的形式來進行說服協商,產生科學社群認同的知識宣稱。
研究中「網路論證學習環境」和「課室論證學習環境」最大的差異乃是透過網路平台的鷹架輔助,讓學童不受同儕眼光、壓力或時間限制等,而能夠完整構思,充分表達其理論與證據的協調思考過程,提供每位學童公平的對話論證機會。網路環境將學童在論證過程中的對話內容有系統的呈現給每一個學習者,透過網路匿名機制,讓網路上的學習者都能取得公平的發言機會,使其宣稱可獲得公平的對待。研究中學童採用小組合作學習的方式,在上述兩個論證學習環境中分別進行與自己論證、小組內論證、和小組間論證三個階段的學習反思;經由公開呈現自己的想法,與別人分享、質疑等來進行群體的協商,進而綜合他人意見重構知識,產生共識的歷程,體驗知識是一種以證據為基礎的個人建構、群體澄清、知識重構的社會建構過程,以提升學童的論證能力。
研究方法採用準實驗研究的不等組前後測設計,以葉玉珠 (2003) 的「批判思考測驗-第一級」為前測,以研究者自編的「論證能力測驗」為後測進行共變數分析。而「論證能力測驗」的評分判準則根據文獻分析,同時考量論證的「結構因素」和「品質因素」兩向度,提出「論證能力檢核表」以對學童論證能力的表現進行檢核。研究對象為國小六年級學生共103人,進行連續八週的實驗教學活動後,比較網路論證學習環境組、課室論證學習環境組和對照組三組學生論證能力的表現。
研究結果顯示課室論證學習環境的設計對六年級學童整體論證能力提升有幫助,且因為具有中度以上的實驗效果量,因此在教學實務上可嘗試推廣。另外也發現學生在進行解釋時主要是進行現象的描述,在進行辯護時主要是為自己的宣稱進行防禦,在進行反駁時主要以思考對方弱點的方式來進行。同時,研究結果顯示學童在直接學習並察覺如何使用論證思考技能後,還有意願投入論證思考工作,其論證能力與對論證的態度均有所改變。最後,本研究則依據研究結果與發現,提出在論證教學及未來研究的一些建議。
This study aimed to design an argumentation-based learning environment, which was adopted the theory of “Argument as Coordination”, to promote the argumentation abilities of 6th grade students. First, we designed learning activities based on Kuhn’s (2005) argumentation theory. Students can collect data, organize information, interpret, explain and interact with others to increase their argumentation abilities in these activities. Second, we implemented these activities to Networked and Face-to-Face learning environments. Third, we offered the criteria of sound scientific argumentation and compared the effect of students' argumentation abilities.
Three intact classes with a total of 103 students participated in this study. The treatments lasted for eight weeks to compare the argumentation performance in three different groups: the “Networked argumentation-based learning group” (NG), the “Face-to-Face argumentation-based learning group” (FG), and the “control group” (CG). This study, which adopted a quasi-experimental design, used the “Critical Thinking Test- I” (Yeh, 2003) for pre-test and the “Argumentation Ability Test” for post-test.
The results showed that: a) The argumentation abilities of the students in the FG group were superior to those in the NG group and the effect size was medium. The implication revealed that the design of FG could be applied to teaching practice. b) Students’ argumentation focused- mainly on describing phenomenon instead of explaining it, c) Students defended their own claims while they were in the debate, d) Students rebut by identifying their opponents’ weaknesses in arguments, and e) students’ willingness and attitude of the argumentation have been improved. Suggestions for educational practice and future research in argumentation were also proposed.
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