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題名:犯罪少年中止犯罪歷程之研究-以復原力觀點分析
作者:張淑慧
作者(外文):Su-Hui Chang
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:許春金、 陳玉書
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:犯罪少年中止犯罪生命歷程人類能動性復原力juvenile offenderdesistance of crimelife courseHuman agencyresilience
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究從生命歷程、復原力觀點,以1996年受「保護管束」少年樣本為主體,挑選研究前五年2003年至研究結束2013年未再犯的5名中止犯罪樣本,運用深度訪談及社會建構觀點,探討影響少年犯罪的發展歷程,了解年齡、成熟度、社會結構情境事件及能動性等如何影響中止犯罪的生命轉折,分析犯罪中止的復原力發展歷程和行動機制,追蹤中止犯罪的犯罪少年復歸社會歷程,並提出對中止犯罪策略、犯罪少年的輔導處遇、及未來學術研究的建議。
研究結論可從幾部分呈現,包括影響少年犯罪的發展歷程、中止犯罪的生命轉折、中止犯罪的復原力分析、以及中止犯罪的復歸社會歷程。
一、從生命歷程觀點切入,犯罪年齡好發在少年早期,13歲到15歲、青春期階段是行為改變的開始,是生命轉變的關鍵階段。犯罪行為的發生階段起伏不定,早年家庭生活經驗影響生命軌跡,未預期的生活事件及環境壓力引發犯罪。犯罪行為的生命歷程階段,可分為「前置階段」、「誘發階段」及「持續階段」。
二、中止犯罪的生命轉折是連續而累積,年齡、成熟度、社會結構事件及轉折相互影響;年齡與成熟引導正向發展,社會結構事件帶來轉折的機會,人類能動性透過「個人動因」、「代理動因」、「集體動因」方式,反饋引發認知態度的改變、以及社會控制的改變,運作出適應壓力環境與事件的中止犯罪發展機轉。
三、中止犯罪復原因子非單一因素,而是多構面、多樣化且包含個人層面、家庭層面和社會系統層面等內、外在系統的因素。中止犯罪的復原力是一個動態的過程,透過「自我決定」(我是)、「外力資源」(我有)與「互動學習」(我能)的闡釋、能力、行動三面向復原因子互動,並運用社會資源的支持,以四個積極性保護步驟:「減緩危機事件在個體生命經驗的衝擊」、「減少或中斷負向生活危機因素的連結」、「提升個體正向自我概念」和「開發正向連結」,達到復歸社會的功能。
四、人類能動性造就復原力,復原力也引發人類能動性;復原力與人類能動性發展中止犯罪的復歸社會生活。犯罪少年在能動性跟復原力的作用下,以自由意志作出中止犯罪的選擇和決定,發展「個人邏輯」、「生活安排」、以及「虛擬目標」等新的生活型態,達到中止犯罪目標,建構個體達成目標的生活型態。
ABSTRACT
Interviews and social factors are used to study the progress of five juvenile offender case studies that were listed in the restraint database in 1996, but who have not committed a crime between 2003 and 2013. This study determines how age, maturity, societal incidents and human agency lead to a desistance from crime due to an altered life course and resilience. This study also analyses the sustainability of desistance from crime and the behavioral mechanism and traces the history of juvenile offenders who desist from crime and return to society. Finally, this study makes suggestions for strategies for desistance from crime, the guidance and assistance of juvenile offenders and future policy.
This study draws conclusions and examines the process that causes juveniles to commit crimes and analyzes the sustainability of desistance from crime and the method for returning to the society after desistance from crime.
In terms of life course, puberty marks the start of behavioral variation and is a critical moment for life change, so the first crime usually occurs at between 13 to 15 years of age. However, the age at which crimes are first committed is not rigid, because family experiences in the early years affect life development and unexpected life incidents and environmental pressures can induce juveniles to commit crimes. The development of criminal behavior is divided into “early stage”, “induced stage” and “continued stage”.
The transition to desisting from crime is continuous and cumulative. The progress of this transition is affected by age, maturity, societal incidents and variation in life course. Age and maturity lead to positive development and societal incidents bring opportunities for change. The human agency feeds back and induces good behaviors and increases the scope for social control through personal agency, proxy agency and collective agency. Finally, it enables adaptability to environmental pressures and triggers the mechanism to desist from crime.
The factors related to desisting from crime are many, such as inherent and external systems, including personal, family and social systems. The sustainability of desistance from crime is progressive. They give the juvenile offender a way of returning to society in four active stages: “reduce reliance on life experience when difficult incidents arise”, “decrease or cut off the link to negative crises”, “increase aggression” and “become more positive” in conjunction with three resilience factors: “the ability to make decisions”, “external resources” and “interactive learning” and the supports from societal resources.
The human agency and resilience are interrelated. Both can lead to a desistance from crime and a return to society. Under the effect of a human agency and resilience, the juvenile offender can decide to cease criminal behavior by their own free will and develop a new life that depends on “private logic”, “life plan” and “fictional goal” that allows a desistance from crime and the construction of a good life.
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