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題名:《尤利西斯》與《哈姆雷特》裡的宮籟與棄斥
作者:林亞蒨
作者(外文):Lin, Ya-chien
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:跨文化研究所比較文學博士班
指導教授:莊坤良
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:UlyssesHamlet
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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《尤利西斯》裡引用、雜揉了許多文學作品,其中《哈姆雷特》裡的文句更不時在《尤利西斯》裡被借用、挪移,甚至第九章〈斯庫拉與卡律布狄斯〉有一整章的篇幅專章討論。《尤利西斯》裡的角色,正好可以和《哈姆雷特》裡的人物作一對照及比較,進行互文性的分析。在沈重的大氛圍裡,無論是貴為哈姆雷特王子或是小人物如斯蒂汾、布盧姆,儘管無力,仍然必須面對如何定位自我進而接納自我的課題。莫莉對於輪迴(metempsychosis)的疑問──「他在家裡算是哪位」(“Who’s he when he’s at home”),正好可以用來逼視每個人審視自己在家裡的定位。
本論文以克麗絲蒂娃(Julia Kristeva)「宮籟」(chora)與「棄斥」(abjection)的理論為基礎,輔以德希達(Jacques Derrida)將悼念的過程等同於懷孕歷程的比喻,分析角色心靈凝滯抑或是成長的歷程。
第一章為緒論。母親提供的滋養及撫育,就像「宮籟」(chora)一般,孕育、包容著她的嬰孩,一旦孩子羽翼長成,他們就想和母性本能律動的「記號界」(the semiotic)有所切割,飛出禁錮他們的家庭,而向父系秩序的「象徵界」(the symbolic)靠攏,母親(mother)對孩子來說變成了他者(other),成為棄斥(abjection)的對象。此外,屍體更是棄斥的極致,生者在悼念死者的過程中,將死者納入己中。如同懷孕的歷程般,對死者的悼念,總有產出、離散的一天。
第二章探討宮籟。來自母體的滋養與關懷,為先天的宮籟,但母親提供給孩子的,究竟是如同地母般的全能庇護所,抑或,家庭加諸在子嗣上的期許,其實是孩子終其一生亟欲掙脫的牢籠?而除了先天的宮籟之外,滋養與撫慰亦可藉由後天的方式外求。哈姆雷特王子赴英途中的海上遇劫,成就了他心智蛻變的成長之旅;年輕作家斯蒂汾的繆思女神原本是聖潔如白鴿的海鳥女孩,但他冀求的繆思投射卻陡降至如同莎士比亞妻子安.哈撒韋一般的強悍女征服者維納斯般的角色;布盧姆念念不忘的後天滋養是來自莫莉口中的蛋糕;自我陶醉則是莫莉面對世界的萬能法寶。克麗絲蒂娃「宮籟」的理論為本章分析的依據。
第三章探討哀悼。哈姆雷特國王的鬼魂,一直縈繞在哈姆雷特王子的心中;斯蒂汾則一直揮不去母親亡靈的譴責;兒子茹迪的早夭,則是布盧姆婚姻觸礁的癥結。德希達認為悼念的過程就如同懷孕一般,哀悼的對象已經不在世上了,但他們卻活在生者的心中。哀悼一方面是為了深化對死者的記憶,但另一方面,則是為了釋放情緒,透過一次又一次感懷的釋放,悼念的過程終將如同懷孕一般,必有產出、終結的一天。布盧姆在沙灘上寫下「我。」(“I.”)「是。一。」(“AM. A.”),他深切體認到他是孤獨一人的,而「A」為字母之首,亦暗示一新的開始。此外,第十七章最末的黑點,呼應了第五章末布盧姆在澡堂裡躺下後漂浮的恥毛,在經過一整天的遊蕩反思後,黑點象徵布盧姆將展開新生的種子,另外,黑點其實就是一個句點,布盧姆將終結回到過去翠鳥時日的妄想。
第四章為對棄斥的探討。人將因遭逢重要他人的棄斥,而體認到自身在寰宇間的孑然一身,面對他人的棄斥與自身存在的孤獨感,反過來棄斥他人成為不得不然的回應方式。旁人、母親、重要他人均可以棄斥,情感也可以完全封存。多數學者在分析《尤利西斯》時,對布盧姆和莫莉未來的關係均抱持著正面樂觀的看法,漢克(Suzette A. Henke)、吉伯(Stuart Gilbert)、易(Cordell D. K. Yee)、瑪竇氏(James H. Maddox)及海曼(David Hayman)等,均認為莫莉的出軌反而會拉近她和布盧姆的距離,因為莫莉和布盧姆都不想改變當前的婚姻現況。但我認為,布盧姆經過一天的反覆思索,已決定放棄回到過去翠鳥時日的妄想。布盧姆睡姿像個「木乃伊似的」,暗示布盧姆在莫莉外遇後,已決定要有所重生,布盧姆將僅只是和莫莉維持著共存的關係。
第五章為結論。「視差」反覆出現在《尤利西斯》裡,對任何事情一廂情願的片面想法,都是自己的「視差」,人因此必須反覆校正自己的「視差」。布盧姆在幻影般的第十五章〈喀耳刻〉裡,如願再次當上父親,生下八個男孩,這八個男孩倏忽蛻變為成人,並擔任各種高級職位,和布盧姆在第六章〈哈得斯〉裡所勾勒出的景象根本大異其趣──「小茹迪要是沒有死的話。看著他長大」。布盧姆不假莫莉的生殖細胞即獨立產下八子,而在產子的前後過程中,莫莉是不在場的,這顯示出因莫莉的不忠,加上莫莉對茹迪的早夭看得很開,布盧姆對再次成為父親的冀望,只能靠自己獨立完成。茹迪在第十五章末尾「直視布盧姆的眼睛而無所見」,而斯蒂汾又選擇離開,不願扮演布盧姆和莫莉重建婚姻關係的中介角色,布盧姆終將棄斥茹迪的縈繞及對莫莉的指望,形塑出自己的主體性──「新布盧姆」。
Joyce quotes, parasitizes, exploits, deciphers, and interpolates Hamlet in Ulysses. Characters in Ulysses and Hamlet, needing to coordinate their roles and trying to accommodate themselves, can be contrasted and compared. Originally, the role of a family should be nutritious. The nourishment and pampering from mothers are like chora, breeding and accommodating their babies. Once children grow up, they want to separate from their fusions with mothers and to transfer “semiotic motility onto the symbolic order.” Children are eager to fly from the familial bondage; therefore, the mother becomes “an other” and the abjection. Hamlet belittles Gertrude’s instant remarriage while Stephen rejects his mother’s dogmas. Besides, Hamlet is constantly haunted by King Hamlet’s ghost while Stephen cannot get rid of the condemnation of his mother’s ghost. Rudy’s death is the crucial reason why Bloom’s marriage is crumbling. Derrida analyzes that mourning, like pregnancy, will be deviated and delivered sometime.
When one is discarded by his/her significant others and realizes solitude, he/she will finally awake and discard others, his/her mother, and even significant others. In addition, the affection can be sealed. Hamlet and Stephen prison their minds. As to Bloom, he bears eight children in chapter 15 “Circe,” but the eight children immediately become independent subjects and the “otherness” adults after being born. The scene is totally different from what Bloom expects in chapter 6—to see his son grow up. Bloom does not need Molly’s sex cell and delivers eight children independently. At the end of chapter 15, Rudy gazes at Bloom, “unseeing” him and Stephen rejects to be Bloom’s surrogate son, which will make Bloom awaken that there will be no son to be a medium to bridge his relationship with Molly. With the awakening to this reality, Bloom finally discards haunting Rudy and the approximate 11-year one-sided wish to go back to the “halcyon days” with Molly. Bloom will just coexist with Molly. He eventually molds his own subject—“the new Bloom.”
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