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題名：臺灣環境犯罪熱區空間分析與防制策略之研究
作者：曾兆延
校院名稱：中央警察大學
系所名稱：警察政策研究所
指導教授：孟維德、黃俊能
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2014
主題關鍵詞：環境犯罪；環境執法；廢棄物傾倒；污染；環保警察；犯罪熱點；environmental crime；environmental enfocement；waste dumpling；pollution；pollution environmental protection police；crime hot spots
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國際或國內，環境犯罪似乎有日益嚴重的趨勢，雖然學術界與實務界逐漸關切這項議題，但無論是文獻資料或研究成果均尚為缺乏。查閱我國環境犯罪的研究，大多從法學觀點出發，而以社會科學的角度，及實證研究的論述者堪稱寥寥無幾。基於對環境議題的關心，以及筆者從事警察工作的經驗心得，再加上體認環境執法的重要性認知，筆者選擇「環境犯罪」做為博士論文的主題。然而，即使已限縮了研究主題的範圍，環境犯罪所牽涉的領域仍相當廣泛，環境犯罪的種類與態樣亦難以一語概括，因數據統計我國環境犯罪類型以空氣污染、水污染及廢棄物傾倒為最多，故本論文研究將侷限在此三者，做為探討的核心。
為瞭解我國環境犯罪時間與空間特性與警察執法策略這兩大主題區塊，本研究設計構思從文獻探討( 含國內與國外執法情形 )、官方資料分析與質性資料歸納( 座談與訪談 )等三個途徑切入環境犯罪的研究領域，希望能導出客觀而合理的結論，進而提出政策或策略上之參考建議。文獻探討，藉由廣泛蒐集包括期刊文獻、學位論文、值得信賴的網站資訊、報章雜誌等，以建立吾人對環境犯罪特性的基本認識，並閱覽一些先進國家如美國、日本、歐盟與澳洲等之做法，可供我們在環境執法措施上的重要參考。次級資料的蒐集與分析，主要參酌的是官方資料，經由實用的電腦軟體與統計方法之分析，顯現具體的量化數值資料，做為進一步質化訪談的基礎。執法人員的質化訪談，用意在於解釋量化資料顯示出的意義，並瞭解實務執行層面的運作，加深對問題核心探索，以彌補文獻探討與次級資料分析的不足。研究後段的析論部分，分別以「環境犯罪者」、「環境犯罪時間」、「環境犯罪區域空間」「環境犯罪地點」等四個面向為綱要，形成本研究的主要架構。
本研究的目的主要有四，其一，瞭解我國環境犯罪類型與變化的情形。任何的犯罪類型，均有其社會經濟發展的背景因素，環境犯罪亦不例外。透過歷年偵查數量的統計，能對我國環境犯罪時間縱切面形成基本概觀，進而對未來可能的發展產生有效的預估；其二、瞭解我國環境犯罪空間區域分布情形。空間區域分布，包括臺灣北中南區、縣市與鄉鎮，乃橫切面的視覺呈現，藉由案件累積而成平面分布，做為探討我國環境犯罪的分析平臺。其三，瞭解我國環境犯罪的熱區地點資訊。「犯罪熱點」的研究途徑，漸已成為犯罪學的重要核心之一，若干學者提出以空間的分析研究較之以「犯罪人」為標的更具實質價值。以地理分布之平臺，進而深入地點環境特性的歸納，以深化對問題的瞭解。其四，探尋有效防制環境犯罪對策。綜合文獻閱讀；時間、空間的資料剖析，輔以執法人員的問題討論，期望探尋我國環境犯罪之執法問題，能夠在政策或策略層面提供有益建言供讀者參考。總之，筆者希望透過上述三種主要研究途徑，以及四個面向，能夠描繪出我國環境犯罪特性的輪廓，更期待藉由本研究之初探，能起拋磚引玉之效，讓更多人關心環境犯罪議題。
There seems to be a trend of gradual increase in “envitonmental crime”, domestically and internationally. Alough we have started concern about this issue from academics and practitioners’ areas, we still lack for related literature and research result. In Taiwan, studies on such issue emphasize much more on law’s point of view than social science and experimentalists’. I choose “Environmental Crime” as my doctorial topic because of my caring about our environment and experience of engageing in police work for many years, realizing the importance of law enforcement in practice. Environmental crime is so complicated and extensive that even if we narrow the scope of research topic, the types and content of environment crime will still hard to be simplified. This dissertation, according to the statistic of case numbers, mainly focus on three categories: air pollution, water pollution and waste dumpling.
In order to understand the temporal and spacial characteristics of environmental crime and the performance of police law enfocement, the framework of this study was progressed through three approaches, literature review, secondary data analysis and qualitative research. I expect to obtain objective and reasonable findings through these three approaches so as to propose valuable policies and strategies. Literature reviews, which gathering data from jornal articles, theses, internet information and newspapers, help to built the basic recognition of environmental crime. On the other hand, by reviewing measures conducted by some developed countries such as United States, Japan, European Union and Australia, some importance references would be provided. Secondary Data Analysis, mostly taken from official data, presents specific quantitative value and can be used for fundamental qualitative research for further analysis through utility computer programs. Qualitative Research, explaining the meanings of quantitative data and helping us to realize how we operate routine works, explore the core problems and meet the shortages of literature review and secondary data analysis. For aspects of analysis form the main structures of this dissertation: “environmental criminal”, “environmental crime teperality”, “environmental crime spatiality” and “environmental crime hot spots”.
There are four aims for this research. First, to understand the types and trends of environmental crime in Taiwan. All kinds of crimes have their own social and economical causations, including environmental crime. We can comprehend the longitudinal section of environmental crime through analyzing statistic data of criminal cases and then sets up predictions for future. Secondary, to understand the spatial distribution of environmental crime. Calculating the volume of accumulated cases composed of towns, counties and northern, central and southern areas in Taiwan would show the cross section vision which can be used for the platform on detail research. Third, to understand the information of environmental crime’s hot spots. Hot spots information is getting more important than before in criminology. Using these valuable information could help tap into the questions I want to answer. Fourth, to seek useful strategies for preventing environmental crime. By means of synthesizing the literature review, data analysis, and qualitative research approaches, we can find out the problems of law enforcement in Taiwan and render advices for readers. Finally, I am expecting this thesis will offer a humble remark to spark mightier words and arouse more people to care about environmental issues.
一、中文部分
(一)專書
Babbie著、李美華等譯.(1998).社會科學研究方法.台北：時英出版社.
Miles與Huberman著、張芬芬譯.(2005).質性研究資料分析.台北市：雙葉書廊有限公司.
Ritchie與Lewis著、藍毓仁譯.(2008).質性研究方法. 巨流圖書股份有限公司.
洪文玲等.(2011).警察法規(修訂再版).國立空中大學印行.new window
張平吾等.(2009).犯罪學.國立空中大學印行.
黃俊能等.(2013).警察科技發展史(收錄於臺灣警政發展史).中央警察大學出版,347-385.
黃翠紋、孟維德.(2012).警察與犯罪預防.五南圖書出版有限公司.new window
鄭昆山.(2009).環境刑法之基礎理論.五南圖書出版有限公司.
蘇南桓.(1997).組織犯罪防制條例之實用權益.永然文化.
葉乃嘉.(2008).研究方法的第一本書.五南圖書出版有限公司.
(二)期刊
內政部警政署環境保護警察隊.(2012).環境保護警察隊1999-2012紀實.內政部警政署環境保護警察隊出刊.
曲陽.(2005).日本的公害刑法與環境刑法.華東政法學院學報，第2005-3期,96-101.
李湧清、蔣基萍.(1994).犯罪與經濟--一個宏觀的時間序列分析.警政學報24期,127-146.
孟維德.(2001).犯罪熱點的實證分析－警察局勤務指揮中心報案紀錄之分析與運用.犯罪學期刊第8期,27-64.new window
侯佩君等.(2008).臺灣鄉鎮市區類型之研究：「臺灣社會變遷基本調查」第五期計畫之抽樣分層效果分析.調查研究：方法與應用第23期,7-32.new window
洪聖儀等.(2010).由環境刑法觀點論我國環保法令缺失 — 以環境警察隊查獲水污染及廢棄物污染案件為例.臺灣警察專科學校警專學報、第4卷第7期,279-300.new window
高秀東.(2010).歐洲逮捕令在歐盟成員國國內的適用問題研究.河北法學第3期.
張淑貞、李素馨.(2008).街頭搶奪犯罪時間特性之研究：日常活動理論之觀點.犯罪學期刊第11卷第2期,65-92.new window
梁崇民.(2004).歐盟對於少數人權之保障 - 少數民族、少數語言個案分析.中央研究院歐美研究所「歐美研究」第34卷第1期,51-93.new window
許惠珠. (2003).交易成本理論之回顧與前瞻.中華科技大學學報第28期,79-98.
陳英慧、關鳳榮.(2009).中日環境犯罪問題比較.中國法律信息網.
楊書臣. (2009).近年來日本環境污染防治的特點、舉措及趨勢.日本學刊2009年第1期,91-101.
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盧清城.(2010).臺灣醫療保健支出之空間模型研究.商學學報，第18期,77-106.new window
環保警察隊編緝小組.(2006).環境保護尖兵：環保警察隊介紹.環警 ─ 慶祝第28屆警察節暨成立7週年紀念特刊.
謝文彥.(1973).犯罪區位學理論與實證的研究.中央警察大學警學叢刊第15卷第2期,24-32.new window
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(三)研究報告
王永成、黃麗容.(2007).策略聯盟活化經營.臺北縣政府96年度自行研究報告.
紀子文等.(1996).環保先進國家環保科技及法規發展趨勢之研究.行政院環境保護署85年度委託專案研究計畫.
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鄭昆山等.(2005).能源政策與產業結構之法制調整.國科會/環保署科技合作研究計劃期末報告.
(四)研討會論文集
江哲銘等.(2003).以永續健康觀點探討舊建築溫熱環境管理之因應策略—以幾個宜蘭地區已登錄歷史建築為例.台灣環境管理學會92年度年會暨第一次台灣環境管理研討會.
陳培源. (1999).台灣地形劃分新議.「20世紀台灣地區地球科學研究之回顧與展望」系列研討會(一)：台灣的大地構造.
陳慈陽.(2005).台灣環境法的理論與實務 — 從中石化安順廠污染談起.2005公民行動研討會 — 關於環境、經營公民權與公民行動力.
黃俊能.(2008).從國外經驗談犯罪製圖與犯罪防治.2008犯罪防治學術研討會科技與犯罪防治論文集，中央警察大學.
(五)官方文件
日本秋田県生活環境文化部.(2006).平成18年環境白書. 秋田県生活環境文化部環境あきた創造課, http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/www/contents/1172728079606/index.html.
日本海上保安庁.(2012).平成23年の海上犯罪取締りの状況.日本海上保安庁警備救難部.
日本警察廳.(2006).平成16年警察白書.日本警察廳.
行政院海岸巡防署.(2011).日本「2011海上保安報告書」導讀.行政院海岸巡防署.
行政院環境保護署.(2002).環境保護統計年報.
行政院環境保護署.(2012).環境白皮書( 101年版 ).行政院環境保護署編印.
警察庁生活安全局.(2012).平成23年中における生活経済事犯の検挙状況等について.日本警察庁生活安全局生活経済対策管理官.
(六)學位論文
孟維德.(1990).公司犯罪影響因素及其防制策略之實證研究-以美國無線電公司(Rca)污染事件為例.中央警察大學博士論文.new window
林洸鍇.(2007).河川砂石濫盜採問題與對策之研究.國立中正大學碩士論文.
林慧菁.(2008).論環境刑事案件之行政調查與刑事偵查.國立政治大學碩士在職專班碩士論文.
施雅甄.(2011).台灣地區社會變遷與犯罪趨勢關聯性之研究.中央警察大學博士論文.new window
洪慈蓮.(2002).企業進入電子市集影響因素之研究 ─ 以交易成本觀點探討.元智大學資訊管理學系碩士論文.
蕭銘慶.(2008).環境犯罪成因暨防制之研究 ─ 以違反廢棄物清理法之犯罪為例.中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所博士論文.new window
(七)報章雜誌
曾佳俊.(2013).工廠排強酸/紅樹林浩劫.蘋果日報.
劉力仁等.(2011年7月21日).30萬立方公尺棄置大肚山／有毒廢棄物堆8層樓高.自由電子報.網址：http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2011/new/jul/21/today-life1.htm。
(八)網路與官方網站
三邊環境合作委員會(2011年6月27日)：http://www.cec.org/。
內政部戶政司(2012年2月22日)：http://www.ris.gov.tw/zh_TW/346。
日本環境省(2012年7月13日)：http://www.env.go.jp/press/press.php?serial=14644。
日本關東地方環境事務所(2012年6月26日)：http://kanto.env.go.jp/about_2.html。
行政院主計總處(2012年2月23日)：http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=2833。
行政院環境保護署(2012年7月15日)：http://ivy5.epa.gov.tw/enews/fact_index.asp。
法務部(2012年3月30日)：http://www.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=257436&ctNode=27438&mp=001。
美國加州環保署(2012年2月15日查詢)：http://www.calepa.ca.gov/。
美國司法部(2012年3月10日)：http://www.justice.gov/enrd/3058.htm。
美國環境署(2012年3月25日)：http://www.epa.gov/compliance/basics/criminal.html。
紐西蘭北地大區政府(2012年4月28日)：http://www.nrc.govt.nz/amr。
國際刑警組織(2012年2月27日)：http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Environmental-crime/Environmental-Crime-Committee。
瑞士廣播電視集團(2012年10月20日)：http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/articles/file/37.pdf
。
經濟部工業局工業廢棄物清理與資源化資訊網(2012年11月1日)：http://proj.tgpf.org.tw/riw/page5-3.asp。
臺北市政府環境保護局(2013年7月15日)：http://www.dep.taipei.gov.tw/。
臺灣高等法院檢察署(2012年7月21日)：http://www.tph.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=258384&ctNode=5093&mp=003。
歐洲生物多樣性信息分享機制(2012年3月18日)：http://biodiversity-chm.eea.europa.eu/。
歐洲環境保護機關首長網絡(2012年3月14日)：http://biodiversity-chm.eea.europa.eu/。
歐洲環境部(2012年2月20日)：http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/countries-and-eionet/intro。
歐盟執行委員會(2012年1月28日)：http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/crime/index.htm。
澎湖地方法院檢察署網站(2013年10月2日)：http://www.phc.moj.gov.tw/mp027.html。
澳洲新南威爾斯州環境遣產辦公室(2012年3月6日)：http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/。
澳洲聯邦政府永續、環境、水資源、人口與社區部(2012年3月15日)：http://www.environment.gov.au/about/index.html。
澳洲聯邦警察(2012年1月10日)：http://www.afp.gov.au/policing/environmental-crime.aspx。
二、英文部分
Addison III,F.,& Mack,E.(1991).Creating an Environmental Ethic in Corporate America:The Big Stick of Jail Time.Southwestern Law Journal,Vol.44, No.4.
Almer,C.A.(2009).The Economics of Environmental Crime:Theoretical Aspects and Econometric Investigations University Heidelberg / Fakultät für Wirtschafts - und Sozialwissenschaften, Alfred-Weber Institut,1-8.
Almer,C.A.,& Goeschl,T.(2009).Environmental Crime and Punishment:Empirical Evidence from the German Penal Code.Land Economics,86 (4),707-726.
Aubert,B.A.,& Croteau,A.M.(2005).Information Technology Outsourcing from a Business Strategy Perspective.Cahier du GReSI#05-01.
Aubert,B.A.,& Weber,R.(2001).Transaction Cost Theory,the Resource-Based View,and Information Technology Sourcing Decision:A Re-Examination of Lacity et al.'s Findings.GreSI Publications.
Banks,D.(2008).Environmental Crime:A Threat to Our Future.Environmental Investigation Agency(EIA),London.
Bell,S.,& McGillivray,D.(2005).Environmental Law Oxford University Press.
Blindell,J.(2006).21st Century Policing - The Role of Police in the Detection,Investigation and Prosecution of Environmental Crime ACPR Issues No. 2.Australasian Centre for Policing Research.
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Brack,D.(2004).The Growth and Control of International Environmental Crime.Environmental Health Perspectives,Vol.112.
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