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題名：感恩傾向與人際訊息處理:感恩基模之驗證
作者：林川田 引用關係
校院名稱：國立政治大學
系所名稱：心理學研究所
指導教授：孫蒨如
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2015
主題關鍵詞：感恩基模；人際訊息；人際互動；人際評價；正向心理學；Gratitude Schema；Interpersonal Event；Interpersonal Interaction；Interpersonal Evaluation；Positive Psychology
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本研究嘗試提出感恩基模(Gratitude Schema)概念作為系統性探究感恩傾向個別差異的ㄧ個新方向，以基模對訊息處理歷程的影響來解釋並探討個體間的感恩傾向個別差異。我們認為容易感恩的人具有感恩基模，所以才能在生活中發現許多值得感恩的人事物、產生感恩的情緒。具有感恩基模的個體會有下列的認知及行為反應：(1)多半記得在別人對他的好，或者忘記壞的；(2)會主動去注意並記憶正向的、值得珍惜(appreciate)的人際事件；(3)對很多事情，尤其是具有模糊性的人際事件(ambiguous events)會傾向做出他人對自己具有善意的解釋；(4)重視他人在自己人生經驗中的協助與貢獻。提出感恩基模概念外，本研究亦對感恩基模的認知特性(包括回憶、主動記憶、詮釋、與歸因)進行系列性的實徵探討。
研究一發現高感恩組和低感恩組在對過往生活事件的回憶總數上並無顯著差異，但兩者所回憶的內容卻大不相同。相較於不具感恩基模的低感恩個體，具有感恩基模的個體對正向人際訊息明顯比低感恩個體有較佳的回憶表現。
研究二發現高感恩組和低感恩組在對新訊息的回憶總數上並無顯著差異，但兩者所回憶的內容卻有所不同。相較於不具感恩基模的低感恩個體，具有感恩基模的個體對正向人際訊息比低感恩個體有較佳的回憶表現。
研究三發現相較於低感恩組，高感恩組的受試者對於模糊情境的詮釋正向性均顯著高於低感恩組。具感恩基模者對有模糊性的人際事件會傾向做出他人對自己具有善意的解釋。此一特性在具感恩基模個體以旁觀者立場判斷他人之間的人際互動時會有更加明顯的展現。
研究四發現感恩基模會展現在個體對重要事件的歸因上。具感恩基模者對重要經驗進行歸因時，傾向將成功經驗歸因於與他人的合作；不具感恩基模的低感恩者對重要經驗進行歸因時則傾向將失敗歸因於他人以及合作的因素。
研究五探討感恩基模在人際互動中的展現。結果顯示，具有感恩基模的高感恩傾向者有較高意願維持與互動對象之間的互動方式。即使互動對象給予負向的回饋或是態度有所改變，具有感恩基模的高感恩傾向者仍然願意延續彼此間的互動關係。相對的，不具有感恩基模的低感恩傾向者則尋求轉變與他人之間的互動模式，可能反映出不具感恩基模的個體更偏好「以眼還眼」的人際互動。研究結果使我們對感恩基模的實際樣貌有初步的瞭解。
The concept of Gratitude Schema is proposed to explain the individual differences of grateful disposition. Individuals who are highly grateful possess gratitude schema and thus are more likely to find things to be grateful in their daily life. We suggest Individuals who possess gratitude schema have the following characteristics: (1) they have better recalls of positive interpersonal events from past experience; (2) they notice and memorize positive interpersonal events more easily; (3) they tend to interpret ambiguous events in a positive way; (4) they value and appreciate the assistance and contribution from others. A series of experiments were conducted to examine our hypotheses.
Experiment 1 examined the differences on the numbers of positive and negative interpersonal events recalled. Results showed that compared with those who scored low on the gratitude scale, highly grateful individuals (i.e., those who scored high on the scale) tended to recall more positive interpersonal experiences.
Experiment 2 examined the differences on the number of newly learned positive and negative information recalled. Results showed that highly grateful individuals also tended to recall more newly learned positive interpersonal information.
Results of experiment 3 indicated that highly grateful individuals tended to interpret ambiguous interpersonal events in a more positive way, which demonstrated that highly grateful individuals tended to evaluate others with good intention. This tendency was even more salient when they were asked to make judgement from the third party point of view.
The patterns of attribution of those who possess gratitude schema were examined in experiment 4. Results showed that highly grateful individuals attributed their success to the cooperation with others, whereas low grateful individuals tended to attribute their failures to others and to bad cooperation.
Experiment 5 examined how gratitude schema led to different interpersonal interaction. Results showed that highly grateful individuals were more willing to maintain interactions with others, even when the interactive partner gave less positive evaluation to their performance. On the other hand, individuals with no gratitude schema would preferred to exchange the interactive mode with the partner when they received negative feedback. The implications and applications of gratitude schema were also discussed.
中文部分
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