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題名:威脅認知與國家行為:一種區域安全複合體理論觀點
作者:李昭賢
作者(外文):Chao-Hsien Lee
校院名稱:國立中興大學
系所名稱:國際政治研究所
指導教授:陳牧民
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:阿拉伯之春伊拉克敘利亞內戰伊斯蘭國興起區域安全複合體理論the Arab SpringIraqSyria Civil Warthe raise of the Islamic StateRegional Security Complex Theory
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 點閱點閱:30
近年來中東地區不太平靜,自美國撤出伊拉克開始,尤其在阿拉伯之春(Arab Spring)浪潮席捲下,中東各地掀起示威抗議的群眾,要求威權政府下台,敘利亞因此而陷入內戰。伊斯蘭教遜尼派激進組織「伊斯蘭國」(Islamic State, IS)也隨之興起,並在中東地區以恐怖行動擴張其勢力。過去在研究中東議題上多以現實主義的權力平衡觀點或是從文明衝突論的角度分析,鮮少將物質權力和非物質的文化變項綜合起來探討中東議題,更少從區域層次去探究區域的安全議題。尤其是後冷戰時期的國家行為不易單從一種觀點就能清楚分析與理解,Barry Buzan和Ole Waever便在2003年提出「區域安全複合體」理論。因此本研究嘗試結合物質權力和非物質的文化變項,並從區域層次探討中東議題。主要的目的是在於探討中東區域安全威脅對周邊國家的影響,以及周邊國家的行為反應。主要分析沙烏地阿拉伯、伊朗以及土耳其對美國撤出伊拉克之後的伊拉克、爆發內戰的敘利亞以及崛起的伊斯蘭國的行為反應模式。
These years, the Middle East is not calm. Since the United States began to withdraw from Iraq, and after the Arab Spring swept the Middle East, Syria was plunged into civil war. The Sunni Islam militant group "Islamic State" (IS) has also occupied parts of the region and is expanding its influence through terror. Scholarship on the Middle East has traditionally used the balance of power or clash of civilizations theories to assess regional security threats, rarely providing an eclectic perspective that considers both material power and intangible cultural variables. In particular, such analyses have been unable to provide a clear understanding of regional security threats that emerged following the end of the Cold War. This study addresses this gap by using the "Regional Security Complex Theory", proposed by Barry Buzan and Ole Waever in 2003, which enables a regionally-centered examination of contemporary Middle Eastern security threats, taking into account both material and non-material, cultural, variables. This research focuses on the impact of political instability in Iraq and Syria and the raise of the Islamic State on the security of Saudi-Arabia, Iran and Turkey, with a view to understanding the latter’s subsequent reaction.
中文部分:

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靳元慶,〈美俄主導,敘內戰停火協議2/27生效〉,《公視新聞》,2016年2月23日:http://www.newsjs.com/url.php?p=http://news.pts.org.tw/article/317460 (檢索日期:2016年5月7日)
吳維寧,2015年10月2日,〈攻打「伊斯蘭國」不是以色列的選項〉,《想想論壇》(檢閱日期:2016年3月9日): http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/4661
董奕君,2015年2月23日,〈土耳其:打不打IS都兩難,敘利亞和庫德族壯大怎麼辦?〉,《關鍵評論網》(檢閱日期:2016年3月9日): http://www.thenewslens.com/post/98943/
DD,2014年8月16日,〈伊斯蘭國威脅土耳其:不開水壩閘門就打你〉,《關鍵評論網》(檢閱日期:2016年3月9日): http://www.thenewslens.com/post/64211/
〈土耳其正式向伊斯蘭國宣戰〉,2014年10月5日,《超越新聞網》(檢閱日期:2016年3月9日): http://beyondnewsnet.com/20141005-turkey-declared-war-on-is/
艾米,〈【法廣RFI】新一輪敘利亞和談的分歧與希望〉,《蘋果日報》,2016年3月13日:http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20160313/814845/ (檢索日期:2016年5月7日)。
吳寧康,〈UN敘利亞特使:計劃下月召開新一輪和談〉,《中央廣播電台》,2016年4月28日:https://tw.news.yahoo.com/un%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF-%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E4%B8%8B%E6%9C%88%E5%8F%AC%E9%96%8B%E6%96%B0-%E8%BC%AA%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%87-001700140.html (檢索日期:2016年5月7日)。
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英文部分:

一、書籍
Adler, Emanuel, and Michael Barnett, Security Communities (Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Alagappa, Muthiah eds., Asian Security Practice: Material and International Influences (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 1998).
Andrew, Terrill W., Strategic Implications of Inercommunal Warfare in Iraq (Strategic Studies, U.S. Army War College, 2005).
Asbridge, Thomas, The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Blanchard, Christopher M., Islam: Sunnis and Shiites (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2009).
Booth, Ken eds., Critical Security Studies in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever and Jaap De Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998).
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde, 1998, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
Buzan, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
Caldwell, Dan and Robert E. Williams Jr., Seeking Security in an Insecure World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006).
Clark, William R. Petrodollar, Warfare: Oil, Iraq and the Future of the Dollar(Cabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2005).
Cockburn, Patrick, The Jihadis Return: ISIS and the New Sunni Uprising (New York: OR Books, 2014).
Coll, Steve, Ghost Wars (New York: Penguin Press, 2004).
Collins, Alan, Contemporary Security Studies (Oxford University Press, 2007).
Collins, Allan, Security and Southeast Asia: Domestic, Regional, and Global Issues (Boulder CO: Lynn Rienner, 2003).
Cox, Robert W. and Timothy J. Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996),
Deutsch, Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (New York: Greenwood Press, 1957),
Dewitt, David, David Haglund, John Kirton eds., Building a New Global Order: Emerging Trends in International Security (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Dimashqiah, Shaykh Abdul-Rahman, A Calm Dialogue between Sunnah and Shia (London: Ahlussunnah-wal-Jamah Publications, 2010),
Editors, Charles River and Jesse Harasta, The History of the Sunni and Shia Split: Understanding the Divisions within Islam (Seattle, Washington: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2014),
Everest, Larry, Oil, Power, and Empire: Iraq and the U.S. Global Agenda (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2004).
Gonzalez, Nathan, The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East (California: Nortia Press, 2009).
Hajjar, Sami G., Hizballah: Terrorism, National Liberation or Menace? (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2002)
Hallaq, Wael B., A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Usul al-figh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Hazleton, Lesley, The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad (New York: Penguin Group, 2013).
Johnston, Alastair I. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton: Princeton University, 2005).
Jones, Richard Wyn, Security, Strategy and Critical Theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999)
Katzenstein, Peter J. eds., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
Klare, Michael T. and Daniel Thomas eds., World Security: Challenges for A New Century (New York: St Martins, 1994).
Klause, Keith Culture and Security: Multilateralism, Arms Control, and Security Building (London: Frank Cass, 1999).
Krause, Keith and Michael Williams, Critical Security Studies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
Lake, David and Patrick Morgan, eds., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsyvania State University Press, 1997).
Legrain, Jean-Erancois, 1991, “A Defining Moment: Palestinian Islamic Fundamentalism,” in James Piscatori (ed.), Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf War (Chicago: American Academy of Arts and Sciences), pp. 70-87.
Lipschutz, Ronnie, On Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
MacQueen, Benjamin, An Introduction to Middle East Politics (SAGE, 2013)
McNeill, William H. and Marilyn Robinson Waldman, The Islamic World (Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1984)
Nye, Joseph S., The Paradox of American Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
River, Charles and Jesse Harasta Editors, The History of the Sunni and Shia Split: Understanding the Divisions within Islam (Seattle, Washington: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2014).
Robinson, Francis and Ira M. Lapidus, The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Saliba, George, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2011).
Snyder, Jack L., 1976, Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation).
United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Walt, Stephen M., The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1987).
Waltz, Kenneth N., Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (Columbia University Press, 1959).
Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979).
Wehrey, Frederic, Saudi-Iranian Relations since the Fall of Saddam (RAND Corporation, 2009).
Wendt, Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

二、期刊
Acharya, Amitav “The Emerging Regional Architecture of World Politics,” World Politics, Vol. 59, No. 4(Jul., 2007), pp. 629-652.
Al-Marashi, Ibrahim “Iraq’s Gulf Policy and Regime Security from the Monarchy to the post-Ba’athist Era,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2009), pp. 449-461.
Baldwin, David A., “Security Studies and the End of the Cold War,” World Politics, No.48 (1995), pp. 123-124.
Barrett, Richard “The Islamic State,” The Soufan Group, Nov. 2014, pp. 1-13.
Belasco, Amy “Troop Level in the Afghan and Iraq Wars FY2001-FY2002: Cost and Other Potential Issues,” CRS Reports for Congress, R40682 (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 2009).
Blanchard, Christopher M. Carla E. Humud, etc., “Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response,” Congressional Research Service, November 10, 2014, p. 5.
Carpenter, Ted Galen and Malou Innocent, “The Iraq War and Iranian Power,” Survival, Vol. 49, No. 4(2007), pp. 70-71.
Cooley, John K. “Armed Khomeini cells found in Arab States,” Christian Science Monitor (1979), pp. 1-3.
Cox, Robert W. “Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory,” Millennium, Vol. 10, No. 2(1981), pp. 126-155.
Desch, Michael “Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies,” International Security, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1998), pp. 141-170.
Dodge, Toby “How Iraq was Lost,” Survival, Vol. 48, No. 4(2006), pp. 165-166.
Duffield, John, 1999, “Political Culture and State Behavior: Why Germany Confounds Neorealism,” International Organization, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 765-803.
Evans, Gareth “Cooperative Security and Intra-State Conflict,” Foreign Policy, No. 96 (1994), pp. 3-20.
Fearon, James D., “Iraq’s Civil War,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 86, No. 2(2007), pp. 2-15.
Gaub, Florence and Patryk Pawlak, “Sykes-Picot and Syria,” Issue Alerts, No. 34 (2013), pp. 1-2.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede “Book Review of Regions and Powers,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 120, No. 1 (Spring, 2005), p. 142.
Gorvett, Jon “Turkmen Trouble causes anxiety in Ankara,” The Middle East, (2004), pp. 21-23
Gray, Colin S., 1981, “National Style in Strategy: The American Example,” International Security, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 21-47.
Henderson, Errol A. and J. David Singer, “Civil War in the Post-Colonial World, 1946-1992,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 37, No. 3(2000), pp. 283-284.
Hettne, Bjöern “Development, Security and World Order: A Regional Approach,” in Sheila Page ed., Regions and Development: Politics, Security, and Economics (London, UK: Frank Cass, 2000), pp. 40-70.
Hokayem, Emile “Iran, the Gulf States and the Syrian Civil War,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 59-86.
Hoogensen, Gunhild “Bottoms up! A Toast to Regional Security?” International Studies Review, Vol. 7, No. 2(Jun., 2005), pp. 269-274.
Huntington, Samuel P., 1993, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, pp. 22-49.
International Crisis Group, “Iran in Iraq: How Much Influence?” Middle East Report, No. 38(2005), pp. 2-10.
Jenkins, Brian “International Terrorism: A Balance Sheet,” Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 17, No. 4 (1975), pp. 158-160.
Johnston, Alastair Iain “Thinking about Strategic Culture,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1995), pp. 32-64.
Jones, Toby “The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arabia,” Middle East Report, No. 237 (2005), pp. 20-25.
J?rgensen, Thomas Mandrup “Book Review of Regions and Powers,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 2005), p. 115.
Katzman, Kenneth Carla E. Humud, eds., “The ‘Islamic State’ Crisis and U.S. Policy,” Congressional Research Service, R43612, October 22, 2014, pp. 1-24.
Katzman, Kenneth Christopher M. Blanchard, and Carla E. Humud, etc, “The ‘Islamic State’ Crisis and U.S. Policy,” US Congressional Research Service, November 12, 2014, pp. 15-16.
Katzman, Kenneth Christopher M. Blanchard, Carla E. Hymud, Rhoda Margesson, Alex Tiersky, The “Islamic State” Crisis and U.S. Policy (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 2014), No. R43612, pp. 1-3.
Katzman, Kenneth, “Iran’s Activities and Influence in Iraq,” CRS Report for Congress (2007), pp. 1-2.
Katzman, Kenneth, “Iran-Iraq Relations,” Congressional Research Service (2010), pp. 1-4.
Kelly, Robert “Security Theory in the New Regionalism,” International Studies Review, No. 9 (2007), pp. 197-229.
Khedery, Ali “Iraq in Pieces,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 94, No. 6(2015), pp. 33-41.
Lake, David A. and Patrick M. Morgan, “The New Regionalism in Security Affairs,” in Lake and Morgan eds., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1997), pp. 3-19.
Lawson, Fred H., 1983, “Using positive sanctions to end international conflicts: Iran and the Arab Gulf countries,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 311-328.
Lemke, Douglas “Book Review of Regions and Powers,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 3, No. 1(Mar., 2005), pp. 197-198.
Levitt, Matthew, “Iran’s Support for Terrorism in the Middle East,” The Washington Institute (2012), pp. 12-13.
Malley, Robert, Karim Sadjadpour, Omer Taspinar, “Israel, Turkey and Iran in the Changing Arab World,” Middle East Policy, Vol. XIX, No. 1, 2012, pp. 9-12.
Mathews, Jessica Tuchman “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 2 (1989), pp. 162-177.
Moaddel, Mansoor, 2010, “Religious regimes and prospects for liberal politics: Future of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia,” Futures, Vol. 42, pp. 532-544.
Murinson, Alexander “The Strategic Depth Doctrine of Turkish Foreign Policy,” Middle East Studies, Vol. 42, No. 6 (2006), pp. 945-964.
Richard Barrett, “The Islamic State,” The Soufan Group, Nov. 2014, p. 13.
Rosiny, Stephan “Syria: Power Sharing as an Alternative to Regional Conflagration,” GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, No. 9 (2013), pp. 1-8.
Rosman-Stollman, Elisheva, 2004, “Balancing Acts: The Gulf States and Israel,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 185-208.
Salehzadeh, Alan, “Iran’s Domestic and Foreign Policies,” National Defense University, Series 4, No. 49 (2013), pp. 20-24.
Sick, Gary, 1998, “Rethinking Dual Containment,” Survival, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 5-32.
Stein, Arthur A. and Steven E. Lobell, “The End of the Cold War and the Regionalization of International Security,” in Lake and Morgan eds., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1997), pp. 101-122.
Takeyh, Ray “Iran’s New Iraq,” The Middle East Journal, Vol. 60, No. 1 (2008), pp. 28.
Vaeyrynan, Raimo “Regionalism: Old and New,” International Studies Review, No. 5 (2003), pp. 25-51.
Wani, Nazar UI Islam “Impact of Crusades on Islam and Christianity,” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2013), pp. 42-46.
Wendt, Alexander “Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics,” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 3(1992), pp. 391-425.
Wendt, Alexander “Constructing International Politics,” International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1(1995), pp. 71-81.
Wendt, Alexander “The agent structure problem in international relations theory,” International Organization, Vol. 41, No. 3(1987), pp. 335-370.
Zartman, I. William “Posing the Problem of State Collapse,” in I. William Zartman (ed.), Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995), pp. 1-6.

三、網路資料
“Syria’s Assad grants Nationality to Hasaka Kurds,” BBC News, April 7, 2011, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12995174 (檢索日期:2016年5月6日)。
“Treasury Designates Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security for Human Rights abuses and Support for Terrorism,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, Press Release, February 16, 2012, https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1424.aspx (檢索日期:2016年6月2日)。
3RP, “3RP Regional Progress Report,” Regional, Refugee and Resilience Plan 2015-2016 in Response to the Syria Crisis, June, 2015, p. 2, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=558aa6566&query=SYRIA%20REGIONAL%20REFUGEE (檢索日期:2016年5月6日)。
Al Arabiya News, “’ISIS is enemy No. 1 of Islam,’ says Saudi grand mufti,” Al Arabiya News, August 14, 2014, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/08/19/Saudi-mufti-ISIS-is-enemy-No-1-of-Islam-.html (檢索日期:2016年4月14日)。
Al-Ghamdy, Gharm Allah “Process of Choosing the Leader (Caliph) of the Muslims: The Muslim Khilafa,” Muslims Internet Directory, http://www.2muslims.com/directory/Detailed/225505.shtml
Bakr, Amena “Saudi king warns of terrorism threat to U.S., Europe,” Reuters, Aug 30, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USKBN0GU06620140830 (檢索日期:2016年4月14日)。
BBC, “Syria Conflict: BBC exclusive interview with President Bashar al-Assad,” BBC News, Feb. 10, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31327153 (檢索日期:2016年4月24日)。
BBC, “Syria Iraq: The Islamic State militant group,” BBC, August 2, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24179084 (檢索日期:2016年4月13日)。
Borger, Julian “Iran and Hezbollah ‘have built 50,000-strong force to help Syrian regime,” The Guardian, March 14, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/iran-hezbollah-force-syrian-regime (檢索日期:2016年6月3日)。
Boyne, Sean “Iran Signals backing for Iraqi Opposition,” Jane’s Intelligence Review (2001), http://www.readabstracts.com/Military-and-naval-science/Iran-signals-backing-for-Iraqi-opposition-The-future-of-the-House-of-Saddam.html (檢索日期:2016年6月26日)。
CNN Wire and Julian Crews, “Obama: Syria strikes show ‘this is not America’s fight alone’,” WGN TV, Sep. 23, 2014, http://wgntv.com/2014/09/23/obama-syria-strikes-show-this-is-not-americas-fight-alone/ (檢索日期:2016年4月14日)。
Doha Al-Jazirah Satellite Television. “Iranian Defense Minister Responds to Iraqi Counterpart, Denies Interference,” as cited in Full text of "US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute 1992-2015", https://archive.org/stream/USArmyWarCollegeStrategicStudiesInstitute1992-2015/Strategic%20Implications%20of%20Intercommunal%20Warfare%20in%20Iraq%20(2005)_djvu.txt (檢索日期:2016年6月26日)。
Doherty, Regen, Amena Bakr, “Exclusive: Secret Turkish nerve center leads aid to Syria rebels,” Reuters, July 27, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-centre-idUSBRE86Q0JM20120727 (檢索日期:2016年6月4日)。
Fassihi, Farnal, Jay Solomon, and Sam Dagher, “Iranians dial up presence in Syria,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 16, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323864604579067382861808984 (檢索日期:2016年6月3日)。
Fassihi, Farnal, Jay Solomon, and Sam Dagher, “Iranians dial up presence in Syria,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 16, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323864604579067382861808984 (檢索日期:2016年6月3日)。
Friedland, Elliot Special report: the Islamic State (Washington DC: Clarion Project, 2014), pp. 21-23. https://www.clarionproject.org/sites/default/files/islamic-state-isis-isil-factsheet-1.pdf
GAZIANTEP, “Why Bashar Assad is still in charge,” The Economist, June 7, 2014, http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603470-rivalry-between-insurgents-helping-him-nowbut-may-eventually-undermine-him (檢索日期:2016年6月1日)。
Gordon, Michael R. “Iran Supplying Syrian Military via Iraqi Airspace,” The New York Times, Sept. 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/05/world/middleeast/iran-supplying-syrian-military-via-iraq-airspace.html (檢索日期:2016年5月11日)。
Gotev, Georgi “Cyprus Questions Turkey’s Determination Fight to ISIS,” EurActiv, Feburary 11, 2015, http://www.euractiv.com/section/med-south/news/cyprus-questions-turkey-s-determination-to-fight-isis/ (檢索日期:2016年4月11日)。
Guiton, Barney “’ISIS Sees Turkey as Its Ally’: Former Islamic State Member Reveals Turkish Army Cooperation,” Newsweek, November 7, 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/isis-and-turkey-cooperate-destroy-kurds-former-isis-member-reveals-turkish-282920 (檢索日期:2016年4月11日)。
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Idiz, Semih “ISIS Emerges as Threat to Turkey,” Al- Monitor, March 25, 2014, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/pt/originals/2014/03/isis-threat-turkey-syria-jihadists.html# (檢索日期:2016年4月11日)。
Karen De Young and Joby Warrick, “Iran and Hezbollah build militia networks in Syria, officials say,” The Guardian, February 12, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/12/iran-hezbollah-milita-networks-syria (檢索日期:2016年6月3日)。
Khalaf, Roula and Abigail Fielding Smith, “Qatar Bankrolls Syrian Revolt with Cash and Arms,” Financial Times, May 17, 2013, https://next.ft.com/content/86e3f28e-be3a-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de (檢索日期:2016年5月11日)。
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Lawson, Fred H. “Syria’s mutating civil war and its impact on Turkey, Iraq and Iran,” International Affairs, Issue 90, No. 6(2014), pp. 1351-1365.
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