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題名:再現與觀看—貢布里希對古德曼論圖像感知問題的回應
作者:馬靜茹
作者(外文):Ma, Ching-Ju
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:何畫瑰
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:貢布里希古德曼圖像再現圖像感知觀者的分擔E. H. GombrichNelson Goodmanpictorial representationpictorial perceptionbeholder's share
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二十世紀下半葉歐美的藝術哲學討論聚焦於圖像再現的感知問題,其中以貢布里希(E. H. Gombrich, 1919-2001)與古德曼(Nelson Goodman, 1906-1998)的爭議受到當代哲學家與美學家的關注與討論。古德曼對貢布里希的觀點之評述可見於1968年出版的《藝術的語言》,而貢布里希具體回應古德曼的論述可見於1982年出版的《圖像與眼睛》(The Image and The Eye)。
對比兩人對圖像再現的解讀策略而言,古德曼提出以「符號系統」與象徵功能解釋圖像再現的結構與要素,而較少論及藝術家製作圖像的意圖,而是強調圖像的符號具有的指稱作用以及審美徵候(考量符號的句法與語義的充盈與否)。然 而,貢布里希強調以知覺的視覺經驗作為區別藝術與非藝術圖像的基礎,並且建議從媒材(medium)、心理定向(mental set)與等效原則(equivalence)等概念著手分析藝術家的再現意圖。兩人對圖像再現的爭議涉及著圖像再現的傳統慣例、圖式與風格的分類,以及再現的現實主義與觀者的觀看意識等問題;特別是後兩者為本論文探究的核心課題。
透過貢布里希回應古德曼的論述,加以闡明藝術哲學的核心議題,亦即探究藝術(作品)的真實性為什麼有別於現實世界的真實性,又前者的真實性之依據是什麼,以及為什麼藝術的真實性具有其獨立的審美價值?由於貢布里希與古德曼的再現理論皆立基於哲學的思維剖析方法,從而展開對藝術現象與審美經驗的探究,若能深入理解爭論背後的美學課題,將有助於我們省思再現藝術的美學價值與建構自身的審美認知。
This thesis is to focus on the problem of pictorial perception, which was an important issue in the philosophy of Art during the second half of the twentieth century. Particularly, the debate between E. H. Gombrich and Nelson Goodman was a matter of great concern to many philosophers and aestheticians. In the dispute, Goodman set out his argument in Language of Art (1968), after rejecting the aesthetics of traditional European painting, he looked for the analogies between pictorial representation and verbal description and emphasized that they could form and characterize our world. With a dissection of the analogies, he established the theory of symptoms of the aesthetic to make a distinction between aesthetic and non-aesthetic properties. However, Gombrich was unequivocal in response to Goodman’s semantic account on the problem of pictorial perception and showed his disagreement in The Image and The Eye (1982) among his other works. He argued that the perception played a role which would help to distinguish the visual experiences of artistic images from that of non-artistic images. Besides, he emphasized the significance of the intentions of representational images, and suggested that the medium, the mental set and the equivalence principle should be considered as the main factors while analyzing the artists’ representational intentions. Beholder’s share should be taken into consideration as well. The thesis, according to this line of thought, mainly examines Gombrich’s response to Goodman’s analysis of pictorial perception, to investigate into the core issue of representation in the philosophy of Art. The results show that their arguments provide us a framework to reflect on the phenomenon of art and its aesthetic value in a more critical and richer way.
一、主要研究著作
Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960;2000.
Gombrich, E. H. The Image and the Eye. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1982.
Goodman, N. Languages of Art. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. 1968, 1976.
Goodman, N. Ways of Worldmaking. Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1978.

二、中文部分
(一)譯著
安娜.莫辛絲卡(Anna Moszynska)著,《抽象藝術》(黃麗娟譯) ,台北:遠流,1999年。
米歇爾.霍格(Michel Hoog)著,《塞尚》(林志明譯),台北:時報文化,1997年。
艾倫·布洛克(Alan Bullock)著,《西方人文主義傳統》(董樂山譯),台北:究竟出版社,2000年。
宮布利希,《藝術的故事》(雨云譯),台北市:聯經,1998年。
恩斯特.卡西爾(E. Cassirer)著,《人論》 (甘楊譯) ,上海:上海譯文,2003年。
格列高里(R. L. Gregory)著,《視覺心理學》(瞿錦春譯),台北:五南出版社。
納爾遜.古德曼(Nelson Goodman)著,《構造世界的多種世界》(姬志闖譯),上海:上海譯文出版社,2008年。
納爾遜.古德曼(Nelson Goodman)著,《藝術的語言》(彭鋒譯),北京市:光明日報出版社,1990年。
貢布里希(E. H. Gombrich)著,《木馬沈思錄》(曾四凱譯),南寧:廣西美術出版社,2015年。
貢布里希(E. H. Gombrich)著,《貢布里希論設計》(范景中選編),長沙:湖南科學技術,2004年。
貢布里希(E. H. Gombrich)著,《理想與偶像》(范景中、曹意強、周書田譯),上海:人民美術出版社,1997年。
貢布里希(E. H. Gombrich)著,《藝術與錯覺》(林夕、李本正、范景中譯),長沙:湖南科學技術,2004年。
培德.布爾格(Peter Bürger)著,《前衛藝術理論》(蔡佩君譯),台北:時報,1998年。
強納森.柯拉瑞(Jonathan Crary)著,《觀察者的技術──論十九世紀的視覺與現代性》(蔡佩君譯),台北市:行人,2007年。
麥克.柏德(Michael Bird)著,《改變藝術的100個觀念》(吳莉君譯),台北:臉譜,2014年。
達文西(Leonardo da Vinci)著,《達文西的筆記本:繪畫是怎麼回事》(鄭福潔譯),台北市:網路與書出版;大塊文化發行,2007年。
蔣彞著,《湖區畫記》(朱鳳蓮譯),台北縣:西遊記出版社,2007年。
Modern Language Association著,《MLA論文寫作手册》(王建文校譯),台北市:書林,2010年。
(二)期刊論文
李青亮,〈「例現」藝術效果的發生學──論戈德曼的新歸納法對藝術問題的回應〉,《現代美術學報》,19(2010): 125-146。new window
周靜家,〈廿世紀前半邁向藝術自治的劇場實驗〉,《鵝湖學誌》,32(2004): 173-224。new window
陳美杏,〈尋求適切的創作風格演化論—貢布里希學思的啟示〉,《實踐設計學報》,1(2007): 140-155。new window
陳美杏,〈當赫伊津哈遇上貢布里希:有關遊戲之遊戲性與嚴肅性〉,《高雄師大學報‧人文與藝術類》,19(2005): 119-136。new window
陳美杏,〈簡論貢布里希之“藝術風格轉變”〉,《美術學報》,1(2006): 93-110。new window
陳美杏,〈藝術生態壁龕中的創作者、作品與觀者:淺談貢布里希與藝術社會學之間的關係〉,《臺大文史哲學報》,60(2004): 297-338。new window
陳瑞文,〈當代藝術的一種鑑賞與評論方向:論古德曼(Nelson Goodman)的「什麼時候才是藝術﹖」〉,《美育》,93(1998): 1-12。
鄭勝華,〈分析的藝術認識論:以古德曼美學為例〉,《現代美術學報》,22(2011): 37-66。new window
(三)博士論文
鄭勝華,〈製造藝術──論古德曼的藝術哲學〉,台北:國立台灣師範大學美術系 博士班美術創作理論組博士論文,2012。new window
(四)電子資料
鄭勝華,〈象徵、語言、媒體與藝術──從古德曼看數位藝術的運作邏輯〉,2013年數位藝術評論獎,http://www.digiarts.org.tw/chinese

三、外文部分
(一)專書
Bryson, Norman. Vision and painting: the logic of the gaze. London: Macmillan, 1983.
Bullock, Alan. The Humanist Tradition in the West. New York: Norton, 1985.
Catherine Z. Elgin, ed. Nelson Goodman's Philosophy of Art. New York: Garland Pub., 1997.
Chastel, André, ed. Leonardo on art and the artist, Leonardo, da Vinci, 1452-1519. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2002.
Chilvers, Ian. The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Chris Murray, ed. Key Writers on Art: The Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, 2003.
Clark, T. J. Image of the people: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 revolution. London: Thames and Hudson, 1999.
Freeland, Cynthia. But is it Art?. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Gaiger, Jason. Aesthetics and Painting. London and New York: Continuum Press, 2008.
Gebauer, Gunter. and Wulf, Christoph. Mimesis: culture, art, society. Trans. Don Reneau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
Gombrich, E. H. & Eribon, D. Looking for answers. New York: Abrams, 1993.
Gombrich, E. H. Ideals and Idols. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1979.
Gombrich, E. H. Meditations on a Hobby Horse and other Essays on the Theory of Art. London: Phaidon, 2007.
Gombrich, E. H. Reflections on the History of Art. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1987.
Gombrich, E. H. The Story of Art. London: Phaidon, 2007.
Gombrich, E. H. Topics of Our Time. London: Phaidon, 1991.
Gombrich, E. H. Tributes: Interpreters of our Cultural Tradition. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1984.
Gorak, Jan. The Making of the Modern Canon, London; Atlantic Heights, NJ: Athlone, 1991.
Gregory, R. L. and Gombrich, E. H. Eds. Illusion in Nature and Art. New York: Scribner, 1973.
Halliwell, Stephen. The Aesthetics of Mimesis: ancient Texts and Modern Problems. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Harrison Andrew ed. Philosophy and the Visual Arts. Dordrecht: Reidel Pub. Co. : sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987.
Hopkins, Robert. Picture, image and experience: a philosophical inquiry. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Hulatted, Owen, Ed. Aesthetic and Artistic Autonomy. New York : Bloomsbury, 2013.
Hyman, John. The objective eye: color, form, and reality in the theory of art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
Kelly, Michael. Ed. Encyclopedia of aesthetics. Oxfor; New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Kivy, Peter. Ed. The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Lenain, Thierry. Art Forgery: The History of a Modern Obsession. London: Reaktion Books, 2011.
Makaryk, Irena R. Ed. and comp. Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory: approaches, scholars, terms. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993.
Mitchell, W. J. T. Iconology: Image, Text and Ideology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Mondriaan, Piet. The new art──the new life: the collected writings of Piet Mondrian. Ed. and trans. Harry Holtzman and Martin S. James. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
Murray, Chris. Ed. Key Writers on Art: The Twentieth Century. London; New York: Routledge, 2003.
Nelson, R. S. and Shift, R. ed. Critical Terms for Art History. The University of Chicago, U.S.A., 2003.
Onians, John. Neuroarthistory: From Aristotle and Pliny to Baxandall and Zeki. Yale, New Haven; London, 2008.
Plato, Republic, trans. Tom Griffith, G.R. Ferrari, ed. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Rorty, A. O., Ed. Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton University, 1992.
Rudner, R. and Scheffler I. eds. Logic and Art: Essays in Honor of Nelson Goodman. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.
Cooper, David E. Ed. A Companion to Aesthetics. Oxford, OX, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell Reference, 1995.
Seckel, Al. Masters of deception: Escher, Dali & the artists of optical illusion. Sterling Publishing, New York, 2004.
Spate, Virginia. Claude Monet: the colour of time. New York, N.Y.: Thames & Hudson, 2001.
Taylor, Paul ed. Meditations on a Heritage. Paul Holberton Publish, 2015.
Walton, Kendall Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Art. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Welton, Jude. Monet. London: Dorling Kindersley in association with the Musée Marmottan, Paris. 1992.
Werhane, P. H. Ed. Philosophical Issues in art. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1984.
Willats, John. Art and Representation. Princeton. N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1997.
(二)期刊論文
Bantinaki, K. “Pictorial Perception as Illusion.” British Journal of Aesthetics, 47(2007): 268-279.
Blinder, David. “The Controversy over Conventionalism.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 41.3(1983): 253-64.
Bull, M. “Scheming Schemata.” British Journal of Aesthetics, 34 (1994): 207-217.
Carney, James D. “Wittgenstein's Theory of Picture Representation.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 40.2 (1981): 179-85.
Carrier, David. “Perspective as a Convention: On the Views of Nelson Goodman and Ernst Gombrich.” Leonardo, 13.4 (1980): 283-87.
Cunliffe, Leslie. “Gombrich on Art: A Social-Constructivist Interpretation of His Work and Its Relevance to Education.” Journal of Aesthetic Education, 32.4 (1998): 61-77.
Danto, Arthur C. “Depiction and Description.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 43.1 (1982): 1-19.
David Carrier. “Gombrich on Art Historical Explanations.” Leonardo, 16.2 (1983): 91-96.
Derksen, T. “Discovery of Linear Perspective and its Limitations.” Philosophica, 63 (1999): 19-50.
Dickie, George. "Instrumental Cognitivism: Goodman." Evaluating Art. Temple UP, 1988. 101-14.
Dufrenne, Mikel. “Perception, Meaning, and Convention”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 42, No.2 (1983): 209-211.
Gaiger, Jason. “Hegel’s Contested Legacy: Rethinking the Relation between Art History and Philosophy.” The Art Bulletin, 93, 2 (2014): 178-194.
Gombrich, E. H. “Additional Thoughts on Perspective.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 51.1 (1993): 69.
Gombrich, E. H. “Representation and Misrepresentation.” Critical Inquiry, 11.2 (1984): 195-201.
Irvin, Sherri. “Forgery and the corruption of aesthetic understanding.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 37 (2) (2007):283-304.
Jacquette, Dale “Goodman on the concept of style.” British Journal of Aesthetics, 40 (2000): 452-466.
Jui-Pi, Chien. “Schemata as the primary modelling system of culture: Prospects for the study of nonverbal communication.” Sign Systems Studies, 42.1 (Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2014): 31-41.
Kim, Nanyoung. “Ernst H. Gombrich, Pictorial Representation, and Some Issues in Art Education.” Journal of Aesthetic Education, 38.4 (2004): 32-45.
Kozbelt, Aaron. “Psychological Implications of the History of Realistic Depiction: Ancient Greece, Renaissance Italy and CGI.” Leonardo, 39.2 (2006): 139-44.
Krieger, Murray. “The Ambiguities of Representation and Illusion: An E. H. Gombrich Retrospective.” Critical Inquiry, 11.2 (1984): 181-194.
Kulvicki, John. “Pictorial Realism as Verity.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 64.3 (2006): 343-54.
Lycan, William G. “Gombrich, Wittgenstein, and the Duck-Rabbit.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 30.2 (1971): 229-37.
Margolis, Joseph. “What Is When? When Is What? Two Questions for Nelson Goodman.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 39.3 (1981): 266-68.
Silvers, Anita. “The Secret of Style.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 39.3 (1981): 268-71.
Sörbon, Göran. “Gombrich on the Greek Art Revolution.” The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 12, aug. 1994. ISSN 2000-9607. Available at: .
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Weitz, Morris. “Professor Goodman on the Aesthetic.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 29.4 (1971): 485-87.
Wollheim, Richard. “Nelson Goodman’s Languages of Art,” The Journal of Philosophy 67.16 (1970): 531-39.
Wollheim, Richard. “On Pictorial Representation,” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56.3 (1998): 217-226.
(三)電子百科辭典與網頁資料
Budd, Malcolm. “On Looking at a Picture,” Aesthetic Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008-11-06, Oxford Scholarship Online, 2009-01-01, Date Accessed 3 Jan. 2016. .

Casey Haskins, et al. "Autonomy." Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. ed. Michael Kelly. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 22 April. 2016.
Giovannelli, Alessandr. “Goodman’s Aesthetics,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = .
Herding, Klaus. “Courbet, Gustave,” Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 6 Jan. 2016. .
Lamarque, Peter. “Truth,” Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, Ed. Michael Kelly, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, Web. 29 Nov. 2015. .
Rubin, H. “Realism,” Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, Web. 6 Jan. 2016. .
英國達利奇美術館展出中國仿製名畫/BBC中文網
http://www.bbc.com/ukchina/trad/entertainment/2015/01/150113_ent_gallery_fake。(檢閱日期:2016年3月25日)
倫敦達利奇美術館官網資料-《中國製造:道格.菲什伯恩計畫》
Doug Fishbone, “Made in China: A Doug Fishbone Project”, http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/about/exhibitions-archive/exhibitions-archive-by-date/2015-made-in-china-a-doug-fishbone-project/.
倫敦達利奇美術館官網資料-原作與偽作的作品說明
http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/explore-the-collection/051-100/young-woman/。(檢閱日期:2016年3月25日)



 
 
 
 
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