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一、中文部份
大崎由紀子（2011）。現代漢語拒絕言語行為之中介語分析-以日籍學習者為例。碩士論文，臺北：國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
王 靜（2012）。漢日拒絕策略理論與實證對比研究—以“請求—拒絕”會話結構為研究中心。日語學習與研究，5，71-77。
王春輝（2008）。漢語回謝語類型與使用的社會語言學考察。語言教學與研究，4，88-95。
王愛華（2001）。英漢拒絕言語行為表達模式調查。外語教學與研究，33（3），178-185。
冉永平（2006）。語用學：現象與分析。北京：北京大學出版社，93。
冉永平、賴會娣（2014）。虛假言語行為的人際語用理據分析。外語學刊，（2），177，65-70。
光井佑介（2011）。日華禮貌表達習慣與教學應用。碩士論文，臺北：國立政治大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
曲禹宣（2013）。現代漢語拒絕言語行為與策略及其教學探究。碩士論文，台北：國立政治大學華語文教學碩博士學位學程（未出版）。
曲衞國、陳流芳（1999）。論傳統的中國禮貌原則。學術月刊，7，33-41。
何兆熊（2009）。新編語用學概要。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
何自然、冉永平（2009）。新編語用學概論。北京：北京大學出版社。
肖 志（2009）。關於日漢語中拒絕表達的對比研究。碩士論文，湖南：中南大學外國語言學及應用語言學研究所（未出版）。
何良慶（2016）。跨文化溝通教材設計研究—以拒絕和請求言語行為為主題。碩士論文，臺北：國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
李家慧（2008）。臺灣學生拒絕語言行為之中介語研究。碩士論文，高雄：國立中山大學外國語文學系研究所（未出版）。
李婉妤（2005）。跨文化華語拒絕策略研究-以美加籍學生為例。碩士論文，高雄：國立高雄師範大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
李 櫻（2012）。語用研究與華語教學。台北：正中書局。
李 嶼 （2015）。中日禮貌語言與其文化價值觀比較研究。碩士論文，重慶：重慶師範大學語言學及應用語言學研究所（未出版）
吳惠萍、高麗君、王萸芳（2005）。華語拒絕語之教材設計。台灣華語文教學研討會論文集，129-140。桃園：中央大學語言中心及台灣華語文教學學會。
林曼昱（2015）。網站論壇的建議行為中英對比：以保健主題為例。碩士論文，臺北：國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
周 健（2007）。語塊在對外漢語教學中的價值與作用。暨南學報（哲學社會科學版），1，99-155。
袁 方（編）（2002）。社會研究方法。臺北：五南。
徐盛桓（1992）。禮貌原則新擬。外語學刊，2，1-7。
高婉瑜（2009）。兩性拒絕行為的比較研究－以臺南市為例。興大人文學報，42，143-170。
曹欽明（2005）。漢語邀請行為的語用研究。碩士論文，廣州：暨南大學語言學暨應用語言學研究所（未出版）
黃光玉、劉念夏、陳清文（譯）（2004）。Berger, A. A. 著。媒介與傳播研究方法：質化與量化研究途徑。臺北：風雲論壇。
黃宣範（譯）（1983）。Li, N. C., & Thompson, S. 著。漢語語法。臺北：文鶴出版社。
黃雅英（2015）。華語文跨文化溝通教學：理論與實務。臺北：新學林出版股份有限公司。
張僖貞（2014）。華語請求行為之表現分析及教學應用─以華語電視劇之請求表現為例。碩士論文，臺北：國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
畢繼萬（1996）。「禮貌」的文化特性研究。世界漢語教學，1，51-59。
陳新仁（2013）。語用學與外語教學。北京：外語教學與研究出版社，
舒兆民（2007）。計量分析英日語人士華語學習者之拒絕中介語。華語文教學研究，4（1），99-124。
舒兆民（2010）。華語文教學講義。臺北：新學林。
劉 虹（2005）。會話結構分析。北京：北京大學出版社。
衛乃興（2003）。搭配研究50年：概念的演變與方法的發展。解放軍外國語學院學報，2，11-15。
盧志芳（2003）。現代漢語中的假拒絕言語行為研究。碩士論文，廣西：廣西師範大學（未出版）。
賴紋萱（2012）。拒絕行為之難點分析及教學應用-以澳大利亞籍學生為例。碩士論文，臺北：國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所（未出版）。
錢旭菁（2008）。漢語語塊研究初探。北京大學學報（哲學社會科學版），45（5），139-146。
謝佳玲（2006）。漢語情態詞的語意界定：語料庫為本的研究。中國語文研究，21(1)，45-63。
謝佳玲（2010）。華語拒絕請求的策略分析：語體與語境的作用。臺灣華語教學研究，1，111-137。
謝佳玲（2010）。漢語與英語跨文化對比─網路社會之語用策略研究。臺北：文鶴出版有限公司。
顧曰國（1992）。禮貌，語用與文化。外語教學與研究，4，10-17。
二、英文部份
Akmajian, A., Demer, R. & Harnish, R. M. (1979). Linguistics: an introduction to language and communication. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press.
Alcon, E. & Safont, M. P. (2008). Pragmatic awareness in second language acquisition. In N. H. Hornberger (Ed.). Encyclopedia of language & education (pp. 193-204). New York, NY: Springer.
Al-Issa, A. (2003). Sociocultural transfer in L2 speech behaviors: Evidence & motivating factors. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 581-601.
Allami, H., & Naeimi, N. (2011). A cross-linguistic study of refusals: An analysis of pragmatic competence development in Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 385-406.
Ang, R. P., & Kuo, E. C. (2002). Effects of gender & individualism-collectivism on directness of refusal. South Pacific Journal of Psychology, 14, 76-80.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: The Clarendon Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Hartford, B. S. (1990). Congruence in native & nonnative conversations: Status balance in the academic advising session. Language Learning, 40, 467-501.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., Hartford, B. A. S., Mahan-Taylor, R., Morgan, M. J., & Reynolds, D. W. (1991). Developing pragmatic awareness: Closing the conversation. ELT Journal, 45, 4-15.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2001). Evaluating the empirical evidence: Grounds for instruction in pragmatics. In G. Kasper & K. Rose (Eds.), Pragmatics in language teaching (pp. 13-32). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Beebe, L. M., & Takahashi, T. (1989). Sociolinguistic variation in face-threatening speech acts. In M. Eisenstein (Ed.), The dynamic interlanguage (pp. 199-218). New York, NY: Plenum.
Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In R. C. Scarcella, E. S. Andersen, & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language: Series on issues in second language research (pp. 55-73). New York, NY: Newbury House.
Bella, S. (2011). Mitigation & politeness in Greek invitation refusals: Effects of length of residence in the target community & intensity of interaction on non-native speakers’ performance. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 1718-1740.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Investigating cross-cultural pragmatics: An introductory overview. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests & apologies (pp. 1-34). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Co.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. N. Goody (Ed.), Questions & politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56-311). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bulaeva, M. E. (2016). Multivariate analysis of refusal strategies in request situations: The case of Russian JFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 7(5), 829-841.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching & testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J. C. Richards & R. W. Schmidt (Eds.), Language & communication (pp. 2-27). New York, NY: Longman.
Cansler, D. C., & Stiles, W. B. (1981). Relative status & interpersonal presumptuousness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17(5), 459-471.
Chang, Y.-F. (2009). How to say no: An analysis of cross-cultural difference & pragmatic transfer. Language Sciences, 31, 477-493.
Chen, X., Ye, L., & Zhang, Y. (1995). Refusing in Chinese. In G. Kasper (Ed.), Pragmatics of Chinese as native & target language (Technical Report #5, pp. 119-163). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Chen, H. J. (1996). Cross-cultural comparison of English & Chinese metapragmatics in refusal. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Clankie, S. M. (1993). The use of expressions of gratitude in English by Japanese & American university students. Journal of Inquiry & Research, 58, 37-71.
Cohen, A. D. (2004). Assessing speech acts in a second language. In D. Boxer & A. D. Cohen (Eds.), Studying speaking to inform second language learning (pp. 302-327). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1994). Research methods in education. London: Routledge.
Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning & teaching. Oxford, England:
Oxford University Press.
Eslami, Z. R. (2010). Refusals: How to develop appropriate refusal strategies. In A. MartÃ-nez-Flor & E. Usó-Juan (Eds.), Speech act performance: Theoretical, empirical & methodological issues (pp. 217-236). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2003). Declining an invitation: A cross-cultural study of pragmatic strategies in American English & Latin American Spanish. Multilingua, 22, 225-255.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2008a). Perceptions of refusals to invitations: Exploring the minds of foreign language learners. Language Awareness, 17(3), 195-211.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2008b). Politeness in Mexico & the United States: A contrastive study of the realization & perception of refusals. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2010). Data collection methods in speech act performance. Speech act performance. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gao, G. (1998a). Don’t take my word for it--understanding Chinese speaking practices. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 22(2), 163-186.
Gao, G. (1998b). An initial analysis of the effects of face & concern for other in Chinese interpersonal communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(4), 467-482.
Garcia, C. (1999). The three stages of Venezuelan invitations & response. Multilingua, 18(4), 391-433.
Gass, S., & Houck, N. (1999). Interlanguage refusals: A cross-cultural study of Japanese-English. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gass, S., & Houck, N. (1996). Non-native refusals: A methodological perspective. In S. M. Gass, & J. Neu (Eds.), Speech acts across cultures (pp. 45-64). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gonzalez-Lloret, M. (2010). Conversation analysis & speech acts. In Alicia Martínez-Flor, & Esther Usó-Juan (Eds.), Speech act performance: Theoretical, empirical & methodological issues (pp. 57-73). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Gu, Y. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 237-257.
Gudykunst, W., & Ting-Toomey, S. (Eds.). (1988). Culture & interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Guo, Y. (2005). A cross-cultural sociopragmatic study on English & Chinese refusal strategies. Unpublished MA thesis, Zengzhou University.
Hartford, B. S., & Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1992). Experimental & observational data in the study of interlanguage pragmatics. Pragmatics & Language Learning, 3, 33-52.
He, W. C. (1998). Issues in second language teaching: Pragmatics & discourse analysis in teaching Chinese as a second language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Clark.
Hsieh, C.-L. (2006). Different pragmatic orientations, different conceptualizations of politeness: A crosscultural inquiry into refusing strategies. Proceedings of the 31st international LAUD symposium, series A: General & theoretical paper, 682 (pp. 1-25). Essen, Germany: LAUD Linguistic Agency.
Hymes, D. H. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. Pride & H. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected readings (pp. 269-293). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
Kasper, G. (1984). Pragmatic comprehension in learner-native speaker discourse. Language Learning, 34, 1-20.
Kasper, G., & Dahl, M. (1991). Research methods in interlanguage pragmatics.
Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 215-247.
Kasper, G. (1992). Pragmatic transfer. Second Language Research, 8, 203-231.
Kasper, G. (1996). Introduction: Interlanguage pragmatics in SLA. SSLA, 18, 145-148.
Kasper, G., & Schmidt, R. (1996). Developmental issues in interlanguage pragmatic. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 149-169.
Kasper, G. (1997). Can pragmatic competence be taught? Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Kasper, G., & Rose, K. R. (1999). Pragmatics & SLA. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, 81-104.
Kodama, N. (1996). Refusals in Japanese: Oral & written alternatives elicited by discourse completion task & role-play. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Long, M. H. (1990). An introduction to second language acquisition research. London: Longman.
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman.
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Liao, C, C., & Bresnahan, M. I. (1996). A contrastive pragmatic study on American English & Mandarin refusal strategies. Language Sciences, 18, 703-727.
Lii-Shih, Y. E. (1994). What do yes & no really mean in Chinese? In James E. Alatis (Ed.), Georgetown University round table on languages & linguistics: educational linguistics, crosscultural communication, & global interdependence (pp. 128-149). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Lin, M.-F. (2014). An interlanguage pragmatic study on Chinese EFL learners’ refusal: Perception & performance. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 5(3), 642-653.
Mao, L. (1994). Beyond politeness theory: Face’ revisited & renewed. Journal of Pragmatics, 21(5), 451-486.
Mey, J. L. (1993). Pragmatics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychology Review, 63, 81-97.
Nagatomi, M. (1989). Gratitude as thanksgiving & thanksgiving as gratitude. In J. B. Carman & F. J. Streng (Eds.), Spoken & unspoken thanks: Some comparative soundings (pp. 75-80). Dallas, TX: Center for World Thanksgiving.
Nelson, G. L., Batalb, M., & Bakary, W. (2002). Directness vs. indirectness: Egyption Arabic & US English communication style. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 39-57.
Nelson, G. L., Carson, J., Batalb, M. A., & Bakary, W. E. (2002). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Strategy use in Egyptian Arabic & American English refusals. Applied Linguistics, 23(2), 163-189.
Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. D. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics & language acquisition (pp. 36-55). New York, NY: Newbury House.
Olshtain, E., & Blum-Kulka, S. (1985). Degree of approximation: Nonnative reactions to native speech act behavior. In S. M. Gass & C. G. Maddec (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 303-325). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Park, H. S., & Guan, X. (2009). Culture, positive & negative face threats, & apology intentions. Journal of Language & Social Psychology, 28(3), 244-262.
Robinson, M. (1992). Introspective methodology in inerlanguage pragmatics research. In G. Kasper (Ed.), Pragmatics of Japanese as native & target language. (Technical Report #3) (pp. 27-82). Honolulu, HI: Second Language & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaii.
Rose, K. R., & Kasper, G. (2001). Pragmatics in language teaching. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sasaki, M. (1998). Investigating EFL students’ production of speech acts: A comparison of production questionnaires & role-plays. Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 457-484.
Schegloff, E. A. (1968). Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist, 70, 1075-1095.
Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. (2001). Intercultural communication (2nd ed.). Malden: Blackwell.
Searle, J. R. (1975). Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol.3: Speech acts (pp. 59-82). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 10(2), 209-231.
Shih, Y.-W. (1986). Conversational politeness & foreign language teaching. Taipe: Crane.
Suzuki, M. (1997). Refusing requests in Japanese: Analysis & pedagogical implications. Unpublished MA thesis, The Ohio State University.
Tanaka, N. (1988). Politeness: Some problems for Japanese speakers of English. JALT Journal, 9, 81-102.
Tateyama, Y. (2001). Explicit & implicit teaching of pragmatic routines. In G. Kasper & K. Rose (Eds.), Pragmatics in language teaching (pp. 200-222). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4, 91-112.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. New York, NY: Longman.
Tseng, C.-T. (2010). English refusal strategies for requests & offers by Taiwanese EFL learners: A case study. Hwa Kang English Journal, 16, 117-140.
Turnbull, W., & Saxton, K. L. (1997). Modal expressions as facework in refusals to comply with requests: I think I should say ‘no’ right now. Journal of Pragmatics, 27, 145-181.
Verschueren, J. (1999). Understanding pragmatics. London: Oxford University Press.
VonCanon, A. L. (2006). Just saying ‘no’: Refusing requests in Spanish as a first & second language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Iowa.
Widjaja, C. S. (1997). A study of date refusal: Taiwanese females vs. American females. University of Hawaii Working Papers in ESL, 15, 1-43.
Wierzbicka, A. (1985). Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts. Journal of Pragmatics, 9, 145-178.
Wolfson, N. (1988). The Bulge: A theory of speech behavior & social distance. In J. Fine (Ed.), Second language discourse: A textbook of current research (pp. 21-38). Norwood, NJ: Albex.
Wolfson, N. (1989). Perspectives: Sociolinguistics & TESOL. New York, NY: Newbury House.
Wray, A. (2008). Formulaic language & the lexicon. London: Oxford University Press.
Yabuuchi, A. (2004). Face in Chinese, Japanese, & U.S. American cultures. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 14(2), 261-297.
Yoon, K. K. (1991). Bilingual pragmatic transfer to speech acts: Bi-directional responses to a compliment. In L. F. Bouton & Y. Kachru (Eds.), Pragmatics & language learning, 2 (pp. 75-100). Urbana, IL: Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Yu, M.-C. (2003). On the universality of face: Evidence from Chinese compliment response behavior. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 1679-1710.
三、教材
馮勝利、廖灝翔、王秋雨編著（2009）。什麼時候說什麼話。北京：商務印書館。
國立臺灣師範大學（2008）。新版實用視聽華語。臺北：正中書局。
國立臺灣師範大學（2015）。新聞觀點（上課講義）。未出版。
葉德明（主編）（1999）。遠東生活華語。臺北：遠東圖書公司。
鄧守信（主編）（2015）。當代中文課程。臺北：聯經出版社。
鄧守信、孫珞（2008）。今日臺灣。臺北：師大書苑。
劉 珣（主編）（2003）。新實用漢語課本。北京：北京語言大學出版社。
四、辭典
Swannell, Julia（1992）. Oxford Modern English Dictionary . Oxford：Oxford University Press。
呂叔湘、丁聲樹（2001）。現代漢語辭典。香港：商務印書館。
管燕紅、唐玉柱（譯）（2005）。Richards, J. C., Schmidt, S., Kendrick, H., & Kim, Y. 著。朗文語言教學與應用語言學辭典。北京：外語教學與研究出版社。
教育部（2015)。重編國語辭典修訂本。http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/。
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