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題名:災後觀光與社區復原力關係探討
作者:林信宏
作者(外文):Hsin-Hung Lin
校院名稱:國立東華大學
系所名稱:企業管理學系
指導教授:張景煜
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:災後觀光災後社區復原力災後社區觀光發展概念模型民族誌個案研究法好茶社區Post-disaster tourism (PDT)Post-community resiliencePost-disaster community tourism development modelEthnographyCase studyKucapungane
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氣候變遷造成的災難已成為世界各國矚目的焦點,曾出不窮的天然災難每年在世界各地上演,國家、社區與居民除了預防災難本身帶來的衝擊外,在災難後如何復甦更是受到注目的議題。在過去觀光領域中氣候變遷的議題也逐漸受到重視,在過去探討多著重在觀光客對災難觀光目的地的態度、災難帶來的觀光資源永續性、觀光地區受災狀況、災難對觀光產業在財物上與遊客安全上與目的地設施的影響等等,多是從原為觀光目的地的角度出發,原本非觀光目的地後來異地重建轉型為觀光發展在過去觀光類的文獻較為被忽略。
本研究即以受災難影響異地重建轉而仰賴觀光發展的禮納里好茶社區為研究對象,探討災後社區與觀光之間的關係,觀察一個觀光產業從無到有的災後社區其中衍生出來的復原力與改變。另一方面,調節理論中提到經濟發展是改變一個受到困難與打擊的區域適合發展的一個面向,其所衍生的區域發展架構可以協調區域經濟的變動關係,但過去並沒有加入受災面向的探討,因此,本研究以觀光發展的角度帶入災後社區復原力與區域發展架構進行整合,並以區域發展架構為參考提出災後社區發展架構圖以及觀光產業發展與災後社區復原力概念性模型。
為了理解多元的災後社區發展,以及歸納災後社區復原力與區域發展樣貌,需要集結較為深入與多層面的看法,因此本研究以質性研究作為研究方法,站在建構主義哲學的角度,透過民族誌與個案研究法來探討災後社區觀光發展情形,本研究以文獻檔案、(非)參與觀察與深度訪談的實際操作進行,以專書、研究報告與報導做資料基礎,利用四年的時間深入災後社區進行觀察,並藉由觀光客、觀察者、記錄者到訪談者等不同身份投入,透過第三者的角度深度訪談31位利害關係人,平均訪談時間在一至一個半小時左右。在獲取資料後本研究運用類型分析來進行資料的分類與歸納,再利用資料分割與重組進行資料拆解與整合,找出最適合本研究的問題與目的。在此過程中,本研究也利用心智圖工具輔助編碼,以開放式編碼、主軸編碼及選擇性編碼的順序來對資料進行比較與修正。最後透過三角檢證的方式來檢測資料的信效度,以多重研究方法、多方研究檢核與資料來源蒐集、多元理論檢視等層面提升本研究的可信度、可轉換性與可靠性。
本研究透過觀察發現災後社區相關問題必須先被重視才可能進行後續的復原與重建,因此歸納出災後社區受到異地重建與災難發生所產生的六大問題包括土地遺失、生活方式改變、文化資源被破壞、對未來之不確定性、社區衝突與災難創傷,這些問題會依據災難後發生的時間逐漸顯現。社區正視這些問題後透過觀光產業的發展來對社區進行產業重建,會帶動六大復原力影響因素,包括經濟價值、族群精神、資源掌握、支持的循環、投入及參與與社區意識。這六大復原力影響因素會對社區產生正面重建力量,讓受災社區走向復原,並以永續的概念進行災後的調節。另外,本研究以區域發展架構為參考基礎歸納出包括災後社區互動調節機制、災後社區內實質資源、災後社區非實質資源等三種面向來探索災後社區調節情況,並觀察災後社區經濟發展與文化再創造的樣貌,最後發展出災後社區觀光發展概念模型,分別由災後社區復原力、災後社區實質資源、災後社區非實質資源、災後社區互動調節機制來調整與帶動災後社區觀光產業發展與文化再創造,以提供災後區域重建之參考依據。雖本研究囿限於一社區範圍中,然因氣候變遷致災難頻傳,災後復原之洞見與發展即可擴展、運用至其餘受災社區,甚至整體社會。
本研究從災後社區問題發現出發,經由觀光產業發展的帶動下,歸納出災後社區復原力,並將災後社區復原力加入區域發展架構進行災後社區調節,歸納出災後社區觀光模型。主要是彌補過去在異地重建與復原力發展探討不足的情況,透過災後社區觀光發展概念模型,可以整合觀光與災後社區發展之脈絡關係;藉由這樣的研究模型歸納,希冀有助學術界自不同檢視角度具體解讀災後社區發展觀光之可行性外,亦可提供實務操作者來管理參考及驗證,以有多元化的考量途徑與策略選擇。對於未來研究者亦可以災後社區觀光模型為基礎,從居民供給面及觀光客需求面的角度進行量化調查,來驗證供給需求不同面向在災後社區復原與發展縱斷面之看法。
It is now widely acknowledged that global climate change and natural catastrophes are affecting destinations and communities around the globe and that adaptation to the impacts is crucial to their long-term survival.
Previous studies have focused on the considerable effects of climate change upon sustainability of tourism resources, loss of property or infrastructure, safety of tourists and their attitudes toward post-disaster tourism destinations. Therefore, this study aims to refine a previously developed model for post-disaster community resilience, and to propose a conceptual framework by considering regional development, regulation theory, and the contribution of tourism development simultaneously.
The complexity of community resilience and its interrelationship with the post-disaster relocation may require a multi-method approach to discuss. Based on constructivism, ethnography and case study were adopted as research strategy for this study. The research setting of the study is Rinari Kucapungane community that has experienced several relocation and reconstruction following disasters. The relationship between tourism development and community resilience is also explored by a comprehensive and non-participant observation in Kucapungane for four years. 31 participants were chosen for in-depth interviews, each of which lasted up to one and a half hours. This study subsequently adopts pattern analysis to categorize data from interviews, triangulation of methods and data sources were employed to examine reliability and validity.
Evidence shows that some major challenges for Rinari Kucapungane community - loss of agricultural land; livelihood change; destruction of cultural resources; uncertainty over the future; confrontation within residents; psychological trauma would emerge from rebuilding process over time and consequently need to be resolved to arrive at a resilient community.
The results suggest that physical and intangible resources and the mechanism of interactive regulation are dynamics for a successful regeneration of livings and culture in post-disaster communities. Tourism development can be an alternative to offer great and sustainable support for post‐disaster recovery in six different directions, namely, economic value, ethnic ethos, resource control, continuous support, involvement and participation, and sense of community.
In conclusion, the findings of this study are one of the first few attempts to acknowledge the value of tourism development in community resilience and provide the foundation for post-disaster management in the future.
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