:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:從GDPR論AI時代下的當事人有效同意與實務建議
作者:李沛宸
作者(外文):LEE, PEI-CHEN
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:法律學系
指導教授:施光訓
何曜琛
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2020
主題關鍵詞:個人資料保護規章同意具體透明度自由給予人工智慧GDPRConsentSpecificTransparencyFreely GivenAI
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:3
歐盟個人資料保護規章第6條中明訂了合法處理當事人個人資料的不同依據,例如當事人的知情同意、基於契約履行所必要、或為了保護資料當事人或他人的重大利益所必須者等各款不同情形,而當事人同意,即為GDPR第6條合法處理個資的其中一項要件。原則上,只要事先向資料當事人清楚說明蒐集資料之用途及目的等相關資訊,並取得當事人的明確同意,即可對當事人的資料進行使用,亦即基於當事人同意將可突破法規限制,對個資進行最彈性化的處理與使用。
因此,為降低當事人資料遭濫用之情事發生,GDPR第6條針對當事人同意取得規定了「自由給予」、「具體」、「知情」、「不含糊」、「可被撤回」等幾項要件必須被滿足,並規定符合這些要件下所獲得之同意才視為有效同意。倘若取得之同意欠缺前述要件,不僅同意取得可能無效,還將有可能面臨對GDPR高額罰款。
而為促進社會進步,隨著科技不斷創新,人工智慧的發展及應用將與隱私權的基本保護間產生衝擊,未來,我們將面臨一系列的法律與道德問題。儘管基於通知及選擇制度的同意是個資及隱私權保護的核心,但,人工智慧系統中是否需要同意、何時需要同意、為何需要同意、如何滿足同意要件等,都是值得探討的議題。
人工智慧在透過數位環境方式蒐集、處理、利用當事人個人資料,一直存在著些許問題,尤其在是否充分提供資料當事人通知及相關資訊揭露、選擇管道及退出機制是否適當等。與傳統取得當事人同意處理其個資方式相比較,透過人工智慧系統將使當事人知情、明確同意更加充滿挑戰。
Article 6 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) enumerates the different grounds on which the data processing will be lawful such as in order to protect the vital interests, the performance of a contract or for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller.
Consent is one of the six conditions for the lawfulness of processing personal data as stipulated in Article 6 of the GDPR. And, it allows you to do just about anything with the data, provided you clearly explain what you are going to do and obtain explicit permission from the data subject.
Under the GDPR, consent of the data subject regarding personal data means any freely given, specific, informed, unambiguous and can be withdraw. To obtain valid consent from the data subject will avoid huge GDPR fines.
In the future we will face a range of legal and ethical dilemmas in the search for a balance between considerable social advances in the name of AI and fundamental privacy rights. Although consent is central to data protection and privacy laws based on a notice and choice regime around the world, it is worth questioning where, why, and when consent is required in AI systems.
Therefore, AI systems collect, process, and generate data in ways that further exacerbate many long-documented problems with online consent, most notably issues of providing adequate notice, choice, and withdrawal to users. From a practical perspective, decision-making by machine-learning algorithms and other AI systems is not as straightforward as that of traditional systems - making the issue of informed, explicit consent a sticky issue.
中文參考文獻(按姓氏筆劃排列)
一、專書
1.三津村直貴著,陳子安譯,圖解AI人工智慧大未來 關於人工智慧一定要懂的96件事,旗標科技股份有限公司,2018年8月初版2刷。
2.古明地正俊、長谷佳明著,林仁惠譯,AI人工智慧的現在.未來進行式,遠流出版事業股份有限公司,2018年1月25日出版一刷。
3.埃米爾˙侯賽因(Amir Husain)著,溫力秦譯,AI創世紀 即將來臨的超級人工智慧時代,日月文化出版股份有限公司, 2018年11月初版。
4.費維克˙華德瓦(Vivek Wadhwa)/亞歷克斯˙沙基佛(Alex Salkever)著,譚天譯,科技選擇 如何善用新科技提升人類,而不是淘汰人類,經濟新潮社,2018年11月6日初版。
5.資訊工業策進會科技法律研究所,個資保護1.0,書泉出版社,2013年1月1日。
6.劉佐國,李世德,個人資料保護法釋義與實務第二版 如何面臨個資保護的新時代,碁峰資訊股份有限公司,2015年10月出版。
二、期刊
1.國家發展委員會,歐盟GDPR簡介與我國政府因應推動方向,臺灣經濟論衡,第16卷第3期,2018年9月。
2.蔡柏毅,歐盟「個人資料保護規則」導讀,金融聯合徵信,第三十期,2017年6月。
三、雜誌
1.翁書婷,AI定義新時代,數位時代,2017年7月,第278期。
2.翁書婷,卡位人工智慧 三大前瞻技術有未來,數位時代,2018年1月,第284期。
3.高敬原,AI大爆發,三種應用生活中看得到,數位時代,2018年1月,第284期。
四、政府資料
1.行政函釋:法務部2018 年4 月26 日法律字第10703505830 號函。
2.修正草案:電腦處理個人資料保護法修正草案總說明。
3.陳維練、柴惠玲、鄭輝彬、胡美蓁、鄭其昀,考察歐盟、比利時與德國個人資料保護法規之規劃及施行情形報告,行政院科技會報辦公室、法務部,(2012)。
五、網際網路資料
1.王琍瑩,歐盟高規格GDPR數據保護法上路,AI新創該如何應對?,天下雜誌,2018年5月22日,https://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5090080。
2.王宏仁,【資料經濟新模式】自己的個資自己賣,新MyData模式讓民眾決定誰有權用個資,iThome,2019年6月13日,https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/131167。
3.方華香,歐盟資料保護一般規則對我國個人資料保護法制及跨境經營商務(臺商)之影響研析,立法院議題研析,2018年7月27日,https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=171822。
4.自由時報,還原被AlphaGo打哭幕後故事 柯潔渾身顫抖:我做不到…,2018年5月21日,http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/2432661。
5.林于蘅,政院擬推個資付費制,經濟日報,2019年6月17日,https://money.udn.com/money/story/5613/3877664。
6.科技部,人工智慧科研發展指引,2019年9月,https://www.most.gov.tw/most/attachments/53491881-eb0d-443f-9169-1f434f7d33c7。
7.科技橘報,AI走進中國小學課堂,用「頭戴式腦波儀」監控學生專注度,2019年9月23日,https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2019/09/23/china-ai-shanghai-elementary-school/。
8.香港個人資料私隱專員公署,https://www.pcpd.org.hk/tc_chi/data_privacy_law/ordinance_at_a_Glance/ordinance.html。
9.英國標準協會,https://www.bsigroup.com/zh-TW/。
10.唐佩君,台歐盟交流新頁 首屆數位經濟對話深化合作,中央社,2019年6月7日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201906070012.aspx。
11.陳曉莉,Google與臉書相繼於法國投資AI研究中心,iThome,2018年1月23日,https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/120868。
12.國家發展委員會,個人資料保護專案辦公室,https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=726A44EA5D724473。
13.國家發展委員會,歐盟一般資料保護規則專區,https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=1DE9FB38844DDC8D。
14.曾更瑩,企業應儘速評估歐盟個資法遵循事宜,理律法律事務所,2018年1月16日,http://www.leeandli.com/TW/NewslettersDetail/6000.htm。
15.黃泓瑜,認識4種臺灣常見的資安保險,iThome,2017年9月13日,https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/116740。
16.黃沛聲,李蒂娜,王芊茵,歐盟一般資料保護規則對我國產業之影響,黃沛聲創投律師科技法律誌,2018年3月9日,http://www.pshuang.cc/2018/03/blog-post.html。
17.鈦媒體,亞馬遜用AI判定:該開除哪位員工?,數位時代,2019年4月29日,https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/53083/amazon-ai-tell-who-to-fire?fbclid=IwAR1QmqneXBnJznRaLdKcBlrFFAJYMz9MTpeUr5EcHUx-MvIrXat65egeuXI。
18.硬塞科技字典,監督式學習?增強學習?聽不懂的話,一定要看這篇入門的機器學習名詞解釋!,INSIDE,2017年7月19日,https://www.inside.com.tw/article/9945-machine-learning。
19.鉅亨網新聞中心,連智慧燈泡都無法正常使用 GDPR上路影響比想像更遠,鉅亨網,2018年5月28日,https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4132665。
20.廖珮君,掌握 AI 應用 7 大重點,成功踏上數位轉型浪潮,科技橘報,2019年5月21日,https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2019/05/21/7-points-of-ai-application/。
21.臺灣個人資料保護與管理制度,https://www.tpipas.org.tw/。
22.維基百科:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%85%AC%E6%95%B5_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)。
23.維基百科:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8。
24.潘姿羽,台歐GDPR技術性諮商漸入深水區 歐盟關注2重點,中央社,2019年6月17日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201906170238.aspx。
25.蔡朝安,張馨云,林勇麒,你的「同意」不是你的同意–從Google的GDPR鉅額裁罰案看「強迫同意」,普華法律實事漫談,2019年2月23日,https://www.pwc.tw/zh/services/legal/point-view/legal-clouds/legal-clouds-1902.html。
26.蘇文彬,法務部:個資法修正後明年上半年可望施行,iThome,2015年12月16日,https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/101555。
27.David Meyer著,劉聲安譯,歐洲GDPR將揭發「人工智慧」嚴重的隱私問題,The News Lens關鍵評論,2018年5月30日,https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/timefortune/96632。
28.Meet Hub,完整解析AI人工智慧:3大浪潮+3大技術+3大應用,https://meethub.bnext.com.tw/%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90ai%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%EF%BC%9A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE%EF%BC%8B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%EF%BC%8B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%EF%BD%9C/。
29.TCIC, http://tw.tcicgroup.com/index.htm。
30.Vpon,https://www.vpon.com/zh-hant/。

英文參考文獻(按字母順序排列)
一、期刊
1.Francoise Gilbert, European Data Protection 2.0: New Compliance Requirements in Sight-What the Proposed EU DATA Protection Regulation Means for U.S. Companies, 28 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER & HIGH TECH. L.J. 815 (2012).
2.Gerrit Hornung, A General Data Protection Regulation for Europe? Light and Shade in the Commission’s Draft of January 2012, Volume 9, Issue 1 SCRIPTED (April. 2012).
3.Meg Leta Jones, Ellen Kaufman, Elizabeth Edenberg, AI and the Ethics of Automating Consent, IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY (2018).
二、網際網路資料
1.Aalborg University, The Artificial Intelligence system in the USA Master Thesis, https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/281246759/AI_SYSTEM_FINAL.pdf.
2.Anonos, 2 Alternatives to Consent for Big Data Analytics Under the GDPR, https://www.anonos.com/blog/two-alternatives-to-consent-for-big-data-analytics-under-the-gdpr.
3.Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/search?query=artificial+intelligence.
4.CBPR, http://www.cbprs.org/.
5.Cornell University, The Malicious Use of Aritficial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1802/1802.07228.pdf.
6.CMSWiRE, Ready for Understandable Privacy Policies? A Look at GDPR's Impact, https://www.cmswire.com/information-management/ready-for-understandable-privacy-policies-a-look-at-gdprs-impact/.
7.CMSWiRE, How to Address Consumer AI Privacy Concerns, https://www.cmswire.com/customer-experience/how-to-address-consumer-ai-privacy-concerns/.
8.CENTER FOR DATA INNOVATION, The impact of the EU’s new data protection regulation on AI, http://www2.datainnovation.org/2018-impact-gdpr-ai.pdf.
9.CNIL, The CNIL’s restricted committee imposes a financial penalty of 50 Million euros against GOOGLE LLC, https://www.cnil.fr/en/cnils-restricted-committee-imposes-financial-penalty-50-million-euros-against-google-llc.
10.European Commission, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/item-detail.cfm?item_id=612053.
11.European Commission, Guidelines on Consent under Regulation 2016/679 (wp259rev.01), https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/item-detail.cfm?item_id=623051.
12.European Commission, The GDPR: new opportunities, new obligations, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/data-protection-factsheet-sme-obligations_en.pdf.
13.European COMMISSION, http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/international-transfers/adequacy/index_en.htm.
14.European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/what-horizon-2020.
15.European Commission, Blockchain to enable medical data to be stored and transmitted safely and effectively, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/blockchain-enable-medical-data-be-stored-and-transmitted-safely-and-effectively.
16.European Commission, Seven steps for businesses to get ready for the General Data Protection Regulation, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/data-protection-factsheet-business-7-steps_en.pdf.
17.European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
18.European Data Protection Supervisor, Opinion 4/2015 Towards a new digital ethics, https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/Consul tation/Opinions/2015/15-09-11_Data_Ethics_EN.pdf.
19.European Training and Research Centre, Security and Personal Data Protection in the European Union: Challenging Trends from a Human Rights’ Perspective, http://www.etc-graz.at/typo3/fileadmin/user_upload/ETC-Hauptseite/human_security/hs-perspectives/pdffiles/issue1_2012/10-HSP12_Goncalves-Jesus__FINAL_.pdf.
20.Eur-Lex, Council Directive 95/46/EC, 1995 O.J. (L281)31, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31995L0046:en:HTML.
21.EMERJ, What is Artificial Intelligence? An Informed Definition, https://www.techemergence.com/what-is-artificial-intelligence-an-informed-definition/.
22.EY, How GDPR compliance demands have shifted the focus to certificatiom, https://www.ey.com/en_gl/tax/how-gdpr-compliance-demands-have-shifted-the-focus-to-certification.
23.European Law Blog, Planet49 CJEU Judgment brings some ‘Cookie Consent’ Certainty to Planet Online Tracking, https://europeanlawblog.eu/2019/10/08/planet49-cjeu-judgment-brings-some-cookie-consent-certainty-to-planet-online-tracking/.
24.FORTINET, PREPARING FOR THE GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION (GDPR), https://www.fortinet.com/content/dam/fortinet/assets/white-papers/preparing-general-data-protection-regulation.pdf.
25.Forbes, The Key Definitions Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) That Explain Its Importance, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/02/14/the-key-definitions-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-that-explain-its-importance/#1c7a4f3c4f5d.
26.FORCEPOINT, The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Key Themes, https://www.forcepoint.com/resources/ebooks/general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr-key-themes.
27.GDPR Resource & Information, https://www.eugdpr.org/how-did-we-get-here-.html.
28.GDPR.ORG, https://www.eugdpr.org/gdpr-timeline.html.
29.GDPR.ORG, https://www.eugdpr.org/gdpr-faqs.html.
30.Genpact, https://www.genpact.com/about-us.
31.GamingTechLaw, Artificial intelligence – What privacy issue with the GDPR, https://www.gamingtechlaw.com/2016/10/privacy-gdpr-artificial-intelligence.html.
32.GETVoIP, The Current State of Chatbots in 2017, https://getvoip.com/blog/2017/04/21/the-current-state-of-chatbots-in-2017/.
33.GDPR Enforcement Tracker, https://www.enforcementtracker.com/.
34.GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/data-protection-bill-2017.
35.HIPAA Journal, How Do U.S. Companies Appoint a GDPR Lead Supervisory Authority?, https://www.hipaajournal.com/u-s-companies-appoint-gdpr-lead-supervisory-authority/.
36.HUNTON & WILLIAMS, https://www.huntonak.com/en/.
37.HUNTON & WILLIAMS, GDPR – A guide to key articles for security & privacy professionals, https://www.softcat.com/assets/uploads/pdfs/gdpr/whitepaper_hunton_williams_gdpr_key_articles_guide_en.pdf.
38.Information and Privacy Commissioner Ontario, Canada and Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Big Data and Innovation, Setting the Record Straight: De-identification Does Work, http://www2.itif.org/2014-big-data-deidentification.pdf.
39.Information Commissioner’s Office, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/consent/why-is-consent-important/.
40.Inside Privacy, Google fined €50 million in France for GDPR violation, https://www.insideprivacy.com/eu-data-protection/google-fined-e50-million-in-france-for-gdpr-violation/.
41.Information Commissioner’s Office, ICO warns UK firms to respect customers’ data wishes as it fines Flybe and Honda, https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2017/03/ico-warns-uk-firms-to-respect-customers-data-wishes-as-it-fines-flybe-and-honda/.
42.Information Commissioner’s Office, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-pecr/what-are-pecr/.
43.Information Commissioner’s Office, https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/ai-blog-an-overview-of-the-auditing-framework-for-artificial-intelligence-and-its-core-components/.
44.Information Commissioner’s Office, https://www.iso.org/standard/71670.html.
45.Information Commissioner’s Office, Consultation: GDPR consent guidance, https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/consultations/2013551/draft-gdpr-consent-guidance-for-consultation-201703.pdf.
46.Information Commissioner’s Office, Big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning and data protection, https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/documents/2013559/big-data-ai-ml-and-data-protection.pdf.
47.Information Commissioner’s Office, https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2019/07/ico-announces-intention-to-fine-british-airways/.
48.Information Commissioner’s Office, https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2019/07/statement-intention-to-fine-marriott-international-inc-more-than-99-million-under-gdpr-for-data-breach/.
49.ISO, https://www.iso.org/home.html.
50.i-scoop, Consent under the GDPR: valid, freely given, specific, informed and active consent, https://www.i-scoop.eu/gdpr/consent-gdpr/.
51.IAPP, CJEU clarifies cookie consent requirements, https://iapp.org/news/a/cjeu-clarifies-cookie-consent-requirements/.
52.KPMG, Companies that fail to see privacy as a business priority risk crossing the ‘creepy line’, https://home.kpmg.com/sg/en/home/media/press-releases/2016/11/companies-that-fail-to-see-privacy-as-a-business-priority-risk-crossing-the-creepy-line.html
53.LEXOLOGY, Data protection laws and AI: What can we learn from the GDPR?, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2d675770-f69b-47e0-94c6-fb662074c82d.
54.LEXOLOGY, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=cccd2dd8-ef74-4f31-932d-43117fbb22c6.
55.LEXICO, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/artificial_intelligence.
56.London Economics, Implications of the European Commission’s proposal for a general data protection regulation for business, https://ico.org.uk/media/1042341/implications-european-commissions-proposal-general-data-protection-regulation-for-business.pdf.
57.Mobile Ecosystem Forum, Understanding Digital Consent, https://mobileecosystemforum.com/programmes/personal-data/whitepaper-understanding-digital-consent/.
58.Mondaq, European Union: GDPR Update: One Stop Shop, http://www.mondaq.com/x/665774/data+protection/GDPR+Update+One+Stop+Shop.
59.My Health My Data, http://www.myhealthmydata.eu/.
60.MIDATA, https://www.midata.coop/en/home/.
61.National Data Protection Authorities, http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/document.cfm?doc_id=50061.
62.Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner, Artificial intelligence and Privacy, https://ovic.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/AI-Issues-Paper-V1.1.pdf.
63.OECD, http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/oecdguidelinesontheprotectionofprivacyandtransborderflowsofpersonaldata.htm.
64.Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada and the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta and British Columbia, Seizing Opportunity: Good Privacy Practices for Developing Mobile Apps, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/privacy-topics/technology/mobile-and-digital-devices/mobile-apps/gd_app_201210/.
65.Privacy International, Profiling and Automated Decision Making: Is Artificial Intelligence Violating Your Right to Privacy?, https://privacyinternational.org/blog/2537/profiling-and-automated-decision-making-artificial-intelligence-violating-your-right.
66.Publication Office of the European Union, How to write clearly, https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c2dab20c-0414-408d-87b5-dd3c6e5dd9a5.
67.PHILIPLEE, Email marketing: How to comply with the GDPR when relying on consent, https://www.philiplee.ie/email-marketing-how-to-comply-with-the-gdpr-when-relying-on-consent/.
68.Statista, Number of worldwide internet hosts in the domain name system(DNS) from 1993 to 2018(in millions), https://www.statista.com/statistics/264473/number-of-internet-hosts-in-the-domain-name-system/.
69.Security Now, GDPR, AI & a New Age of Consent for Enterprises, https://www.securitynow.com/author.asp?section_id=706&doc_id=741842.
70.Temple University, What Do You Mean by “AI”?, https://cis.temple.edu/~pwang/Publication/AI_Definitions.pdf.
71.THE VERGE, What counts as artificially intelligent? AI and deep learning, explained, https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/29/11133682/deep-learning-ai-explained-machine-learning.
72.The Norwegian Data Protection Authority, Artificial intelligence and privacy, https://www.datatilsynet.no/globalassets/global/english/ai-and-privacy.pdf.
73.The Law Society, Preparing for the General Data Protection Regulation: A guide for law firms, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwit7oic-5_hAhVIerwKHRCGAuQQFjAAegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawsociety.org.uk%2Fsupport-services%2Fdocuments%2Fpreparing-for-the-gdpr-a-guide-for-law-firms%2F&usg=AOvVaw1rvh6HuRSehTv8_xpJpUc5.
74.The Guardian, Google fined record £44m by French data protection watchdog, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/21/google-fined-record-44m-by-french-data-protection-watchdog.
75.WordStream, 10 Things You Need to Know About the EU General Data Protection Regulation, https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2017/09/28/eu-gdpr.
76.Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet.
77.Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist).
78.Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital.
79.Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOYB.
80.Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quadrature_du_Net.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
QR Code
QRCODE