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題名:暹羅現代國家邊界的形成與演變 (1867 -1909):地緣政治觀點的分析
作者:孫自明
作者(外文):Tzu-Ming Sun
校院名稱:國立暨南國際大學
系所名稱:東南亞學系
指導教授:陳佩修
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2020
主題關鍵詞:暹羅國家邊界世界體系地緣政治SiamState BorderWorld SystemGeopolitics
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19世紀下半葉,暹羅成功地維持了國家的主權獨立,成為當時東南亞地區的唯一。 而在其追求國家獨立的奮鬥歷史過程中,我們也觀察到了暹羅國家現代邊界因而形成,以及後續一系列的變遷更動。本論文即是期望通過此一現代國家邊界形成與此一系列變遷,及其相應的實質邊境線劃定歷史實例之研究,從中能發現、論證出其所蘊含的理論意涵。
19世紀下半至20世紀初是殖民帝國主義風潮的最高峰,這也是暹羅之所以與其他諸多亞非洲「前現代國家」同樣面臨遭受到西方殖民主義者擴張與殖民命運的根本原因;據此,本研究採取「地緣政治理論」為研究途徑,正是基於(古典)地緣政治理論的思想發韌即是為了殖民帝國主義者之工具性使用。 而其中「國家有機體-The organic state」與「生存空間 - Lebensraum」理論則是此(古典)地緣政治理論之核心價值,即國家有如「生命有機體」般為了生存與成長,必須有足夠的「生存空間」,而生存空間不足時,國家的擴張就成為必須,這也是本研究中英、法兩國向印支半島殖民擴張的原因;同時又由於西方殖民帝國向亞非國家的擴張,正也是西方「現代世界體系」向亞、非「前現代國家體系」擴張,故在本研究中亦援用「現代世界體系」之理論觀點來詮釋此國家「生存空間」之總合。
本研究為一長時間的歷史研究,同時聚焦問題之「整體」與「結構」,故採「歷史結構分析」研究方法。 因此;在研究時間軸的縱深上,首先是以時間序列的方式分期依序對19世紀當時現代世界體系中心之歐洲國際政治局勢進行較長時間之觀察;而其所觀察時間從所謂歐洲現代世界之始的「30年戰爭」至第一次世界大戰為止 (第三章),以對所謂的歐洲中心的情勢做基礎的了解 。 之後再觀察這些歐洲帝國主義國家(主要是英國與法國)在印度支那半島之殖民擴張,及隨後兩國在此一區域之殖民競爭與領土擴張,與最終在暹羅發生碰撞與衝突的等等歷史現實與結果(第四章)。 而於此同時;暹羅做為被擴張的主體,其在國家遭受生存威脅時所相應而生之種種回應,也是結構系統中必須觀察的能動力量來源(第五章)。
在進行長時間序列的歷史觀察後,本研究接著運用(暹羅)現代國家邊界的形成與變遷的歷史現實為樣本,分析其背後所蘊含之空間結構能動力量;因此,先逐段分析了暹羅各段現代邊界形成的直接原因,其中包括分別與英屬緬甸、法屬印度支那與英屬馬來亞的邊界。(第六章) 接著引用前文所敘之歷史觀察為參照基礎, 進以解構現代世界體系中各項牽動暹羅現代國家邊界形成與變遷的能動因子,及其能動力量;這分別包含了邊界形成與每次變動當時,其相應時期的國際政治格局、各主體國家對外政策,以及國家內政、經濟與社會等等之情勢(第七章)。
最後運用(英、法與暹羅簽訂)各次與暹羅現代邊界形成與異動相關條約內容之檢驗分析,先依條約簽訂時間是屬之歐洲國際政治歷史分期,依序分析論證暹羅的外交與國際貿易事務與歐洲中心「現代世界體系」的關聯性;同時並從條約的內文訴求針對性,來對照驗證古典地緣政治理論中「國家有機體」對「生存空間」(即「領土」) 擴張時,其對「資源」目標之針對性。(第八章)
本研究最終在從一、「生存空間」的「國家有機體」(地緣政治結構能動);二、暹羅現代國家邊界之地緣政治意涵;以及 三、 暹羅的回應 - 弱國地緣政治實踐三個面向一共提出了六項發現;論證了暹羅現代國家邊界形成與變遷,其歷史現實的背後都隱涵著在「現代世界體系」的空間結構中的諸「地緣政治」能動力量間相互角力、妥協與平衡之意涵。(第九章)
This research illustrates both the theoretical and empirical implications of the formation and transformation of Siam’s modern state border during the reign of King Chulalongkorn, the Rama V of Kingdom of Siam.
Siam successfully safe guarded her sovereignty in the second half of the 19th century, standing as the only one independent state free from European colonialism in Southeast Asia. Siam’s history of pursuing dependence paralleled with the transforming process of her sate border and national boundary.
The second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century was the peak of colonial imperialism. Siam as well as many Asian and African pre-modern countries were facing the colonial expansion of European powers. This research therefore adopts a geopolitical approach, which is precisely based on the instrumental use of classical geopolitical theory for colonial imperialists.
The "organic state" and "living space-Lebensraum" theory are both the core perceptions of this classical geopolitical theory; that is, a country must have sufficient living space in order to survive and grow like a living organism.
When the country’s living space is self-identified limited, then the territory expansion becomes necessary. This is also the reason for the colonial expansion of Britain and France on the Indochina Peninsula. Moreover, the Western colonial expansion in Asia and Africa is precisely the expansion of the Western "modern world system" to the "pre-modern state system" in this region. Therefore, in this study, the theoretical perspective of the modern world system is used to interpret the totality of the living space of all modern countries.
This study is a long-term historical research, so it focuses on the narration and analysis of selected critical events. The observation timeline is from the 19th century to 1914 (the beginning of the First World War), in order to outline the basic situation of European international politics in that era. (Chapter 3)
The colonial competition and territorial expansion between Britain and France in this area is first, and the historical reality and results of the collision and conflict between Britain and France with Siam, In the later. (Chapter 4)
Meanwhile, Siam's various responses when suffers from existential threats also must be observed and analyzed under the notion of dynamic power struggling of stakeholders in this living space structural system. (Chapter 5)
These historical observations followed by case analysis of the formation and changes of (Siam) modern national boundaries to deconstruct the dynamics power of the spatial structure contained in it, analyzing the direct reasons for the formation of various sections of modern boundaries in Siam. (Chapter 6)
Then taking geopolitical viewpoint to examine the boundary formation and its serial changes, the international political structure of the corresponding period, the foreign policies of these three countries, and the country's internal affairs, economy and society of the state (Chapter 7)
Content analysis of the contents of the treaties signed by Britain and France with Siam are fundamental in this research to inspect and analyze the formation and changes of the modern boundaries of Siam. ( chapter 8 )
Finally this research proposes six findings from three aspects to demonstrate that behind the historical reality of the formation and change of the modern state border of Siam. These research findings are contained the meaning of wrestling, compromise and balance between the various "geopolitical" power dynamics in the spatial structure of the "modern world system". (Chapter 9)
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(四) 政府檔案
British and Foreign State Papers, Great Britain, Foreign Office, London.
BFSP. 23 / BFSP. 57 / BFSP. 87 / BFSP. 97
CAOM GGI
Boissonnas,(1904). Telegram 12 from Charge d’Affaires in Bangkok to GGI, 28 April 1904., CAOM GGI 25857.
Chevalier, Rene. (1902) Monthly Report for October 1902 from Commercial Agent in Chiang Saen to GGI, 31 October 1902., CAOM GGI 20714.
Lugan, H. J.B. (1902). Letter from Vice Consul in Nan to Commissioner Muang Sing, 6 December 1902., CAOM GGI 21804.
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(五) 研究報告
Mangrai , (Sao)Saimong. (1965) “The Shan States and the British annexation” Southeast Asian Program, Data Paper No. 57, Ithaca: Cornell University Department of Asian Studies.
Rankin, K. J. and Schofield, R. (2004)“The Troubled Historiography of classical boundary terminology”Working Papers in British-Irish Studies No. 41, University College Dublin.

(六) 學位論文
Wongwaiwit, Fupanya. (2009) Transboundary cooperation for architectural heritage management, case study : Phra Wiharn World Heritage site, Master's degree Theses - Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism, Silpakorn University.

三、 網路部分
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〈歷史分析法〉《智庫百科》(n. d.)。網址 : https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/歷史分析法。(2020/03/20)
"The Beginning of Relations with Buropean Nations and Japan (sic)"(2002/10/15) Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs : http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/organize/1085/19294-The-Beginning-of-Relations-with-European-Nations-a.html (2020/0210)
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“Fashoda Crisis 1898” (n. d.)The Library of Congress, http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85047388 (2020/5/15)
“French conquest of Indochina”(July 15, 2017) Maps on the Web, https://mapsontheweb.zoom-maps.com/image/163010434665 (2020/4/20)
“Kingdom_of_Reman”(n. d.) Wikipedia, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Kingdom_of_Reman ;(2020.04.03)
“Kondratiev waves” (n. d.) Wikiwand, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Kondratiev_wave (2020/4/13)
“Life of Imperialism: Thailand, territory and state transformation” (n. d.) Institute for International Law and Justice , https://www.iilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/SemiSiamSINGH.pdf (2020/04/25)
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“Siam” (n. d.) KaiserreichCN Wiki., https://kaiserreich.fandom.com/wiki/Siam (2020/03/20)
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