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題名:論國家對勞動條件管制之鬆綁
作者:黃秀惠
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:法律系研究所
指導教授:鄭津津
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:契約自由勞工權益勞基法保障必要性從屬性工資工時解僱最後手段性freedom of contractlabor rightslabor standards Actjob security necessitysubordinationwagesworking hoursdismissallast resort
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勞工權益應予保護,但國家若對於勞動條件之管制太過嚴格,則可能造成適得其反的效果。為因應產業多樣化、勞工談判能力不同、勞務給付多樣性之新工作型態,我國基於早期工廠法思維所制定的勞基法,早已太過僵固而不合時宜,應加以鬆綁之。司法對於勞動契約之控制,應就當事人是否真正自主協商、當事人地位是否對等,就「契約約定本身之合法性」作衡平性的控制,除非是極端不合理的案例,否則法院應尊重當事人之契約自由。而就勞動契約從屬性之認定,應以勞務債務人得否自由決定勞務給付之方式、自行負擔業務風險等,依從屬性之高低,以為判斷。我國法院為讓勞工適用勞基法之保障,對於勞動關係之認定,採取相當嚴格的審查態度,嚴重限制勞雇雙方契約自由,以及企業經營判斷之權限,實有不妥。
對於勞動條件之鬆綁,本文提出以下建議:一、勞務契約自由之控制與鬆綁:基於勞工保障之必要性,除非勞雇雙方簽訂之勞務給付契約違反公平合理,否則應該尊重勞雇雙方對於勞務契約形式選擇的自由。二、工資議定自由之控制與鬆綁:為免雇主基於談判之優勢地位剝削勞工,制定最低工資有其必要,但為免對於邊際勞工產生失業的衝擊,我國宜引進 “次最低工資”制度,以增加雇主對於邊際勞工的僱用意願。三、工時議定自由之控制與鬆綁:我國為落實週休二日,嚴格管控勞工加班時數且缺乏彈性,我國宜仿效德、英、美等國規定,除非勞工從事特別危害身體健康或是與公眾安全有關的工作,或者勞工係孕婦、未成年人等應受特別保護之族群,否則應尊重勞雇雙方工時議定之自由。四、解僱自由之控制與鬆綁:為尊重企業解僱自由,應避免強迫公司留用不適合的勞工,倘員工對於解僱並無過失或雇主乃惡意解僱,應使雇主以金錢補償被解僱之勞工,取代僱傭關係的維繫,此除了能補償被解僱勞工另覓工作之損失外,亦能兼顧企業之人事任用權,以提升企業競爭力,促進經濟發展。
It is no doubt that Labor rights and interests should be protected. However, if the state overregulates labor contracts, the result may turn out to be just the opposite of one’s wish. In order to cope with industrial diversification, different laborers’ negotiating abilities, and labor service diversity, Taiwan's labor standards act based on the early thinking of Factory Act has long been too rigid and outdated, and it should be loosened. Judicial control over labor contracts should be equitable, whether the parties authentically negotiate independently, whether the parties have equal status, and "the legitimacy of the contract itself". Unless it is an extremely unreasonable case, the court should respect the freedom of contract. As for the determination of the subordination of a labor contract, the judgment should be based on whether the debtor of the labor service can freely decide how to provide their labor service, and bear the business risks by himself, etc., according to the level of the attribute to decide. In order to provide workers the protection of the Labor Standards Act, the courts of our country have adopted a very strict review towards the labor contractual relationships, severely restricting the freedom of contract between the laborer and the employer, and business judgment. It is indeed inappropriate nowadays.
For loosening control over the labor contract relationship, this article provides the following suggestions: 1. Control and loosening of the freedom of labor contracts: Based on the necessity of labor protection, unless the labor contract signed by both the labor and the employer violates fairness and reasonableness, the freedom of choice of labor contract form between the two parties should be respected. 2. Control and loosening of the freedom of wage negotiation: In order to prevent employers using negotiating advantages to exploit laborers, it is necessary to establish a minimum wage. On the other hand, the sub-minimum wage system is also needed to avoid the impact on marginal workers, the system could enhance employers' willingness to hire them. 3. Control and loosening of the freedom of working hours negotiation: In order to implement the two-day weekend off, Taiwan strictly controls the number of overtime hours of labor and lacks flexibility. We should follow the exemple of Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, unless the labor is particularly harmful to health or related to public safety, or if the laborer belongs to a group that should be specially protected, such as pregnant women and minors, otherwise the freedom of the laborer and the employer to negotiate the working hours shall be respected. 4. Control and loosening of freedom of dismissal: In order to respect the freedom of dismissal, a company may compensate the workers who are no longer suitable for the company, and the law should not force the company to retain them. The compensation may cover workers’ loss, and the company may exercise management rights independently, so the competitiveness of enterprises may improve and the economy may prosper.
參考文獻
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(四)博碩士論文
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(五)其他
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