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題名:有關數位平台反托拉斯規制問題之研究
作者:朱金藝
作者(外文):ZHU, JIN-YI
校院名稱:國立高雄大學
系所名稱:法學院博士班
指導教授:廖義銘
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2021
主題關鍵詞:數位平台網路效應多邊市場獨占結合聯合反托拉斯限制競爭經濟利益消費者福利競爭digital platformnetwork effectmulti-sided marketmonopolymergersconcerted actionantitrustrestraints of competitioneconomic benefitsconsumer welfarecompetition
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數位時代中,數位平台業者實施了牽涉到數位技術運用的一些新形態的限制競爭行爲,引起了對相關行爲反托拉斯規制方面的疑問與異見。藉由相關個案的累積,以美國、中國大陸晚近涉及數位經濟的案例作爲實務探討,研析數位經濟方面的反托拉斯法制議題。佐以蒐整相關主題的學理爭議,以限制競爭行爲三大態樣——獨占、結合與聯合行爲作爲區隔,探討數位平台業者所實施的競爭行爲於不同法律規制態樣中所生之法制適用問題與政策因應的重點議題與可能方向,對數位平台業者實施的限制競爭行爲之因應作出評斷。綜合來看,當前各地反托拉斯法制可以有效因應數位平台業者實施的限制競爭行爲,但鑑於此前對數位平台限制競爭行爲之規制多採放任自由主義,面對數位經濟似乎已達到瓶頸時期、缺少創新動力,本文傾向於加強反托拉斯法之執行,主張在傳統以競爭效應爲主要特徵的反托拉斯適用上輔以消費者福利標準進行檢視,審慎選擇救濟措施,以防止將不利益轉嫁給消費者。
本文第一章對本研究背景、目的、方法等作初步介紹,第二章對數位平台分類與特徵等作簡要說明。第三章集中於立法目的之探討、美國反托拉斯法制沿革之介紹,明確後文對反托拉斯法制適用研究所採行的基本價值理念。第四章則討論數位領域供需規律與反托拉斯法制之基本原則。第五章主要對大陸以《反壟斷法》爲主的法律體系與台灣以《公平交易法》爲主的法律體系進行比較研究。第六章結合美國、大陸具市場力量的數位平台業者相關案例進行剖析,對數位平台業者涉嫌濫用市場支配地位行爲之反托拉斯規制與法律政策調試進行研析;第七章則以同樣的模式研究數位平台業者結合。第八章則分析Uber平台及其勞務提供者的定性問題,探究是否可以運用反托拉斯法促使加強對勞務提供者權益的保障。第九章承接前章Uber案例分析的內容,研究數位平台以演算法爲工具的實施水平聯合行爲之反托拉斯規制。最後則爲本文結論章節,再次明確本文觀點以及總結對相關法制與政策發展的探討。
In the digital age, digital platform companies have implemented some new forms of restraints of competition involving the use of digital technology, which have raised questions and dissent regarding the antitrust regulation of related behaviors. Based on the accumulation of related cases, the recent cases involving the digital economy in the United States and Chinese mainland are used as practical discussions to analyze the antitrust legal issues about the digital economy. This dissertation has collected the academic disputes on related topics and uses the three types of behaviors that put restraints on competition-- abusive conducts, mergers, and concerted action, to explore the key issues of legal rules application and policy response arising from the competition behaviors implemented by digital platform companies in different legal systems, including the possible way forward. The discussions and comments will be made about the responses to the restrictions on competition carried out by the digital platform industry. On the whole, the current antitrust laws in these three places can effectively respond to restraints on competition implemented by digital platform companies. However, given that laissez-faire liberalism has been adopted in the regulations of the restraints on competition implemented by digital platforms, the digital economy seems to have reached a bottleneck period and lacks innovation motivation. This dissertation tends to support the strengthening of antitrust law enforcement. This dissertation advocates that the traditional antitrust application with competitive effects as the main feature should be supplemented by a second review under the consumer welfare standards, and the remedy measures should be carefully selected to prevent the disadvantage from being passed on to consumers.
The first chapter of this dissertation gives a preliminary introduction to the research background, purpose, methods and so on. The second chapter gives a brief description of the classification and characteristics of digital platforms. The third chapter focuses on the discussion of the legislative purpose and the introduction of the evolution of the American antitrust legal system, and clarifies the basic values adopted by the research on the application of the antitrust legal rules. The fourth chapter discusses the law of supply and demand in the digital field and the basic principles of antitrust legal system. The fifth chapter compares the legal system mainly based on the anti-monopoly law in mainland China with the legal system mainly based on the fair trade law in Taiwan. The sixth chapter analyzes the relevant cases of digital platform companies with market power in the United States and the Chinese mainland, and analyzes the antitrust regulations and legal policy in response to suspected abuse of market dominance by digital platform companies. The seventh chapter uses the same way to study the mergers of digital platform companies. The eighth chapter analyzes the dispute about legal relationship between the Uber platform and its labor providers, and explores whether antitrust laws might be used to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of labor providers. The ninth chapter carries on the content of the Uber case analysis in the previous chapter, and studies the antitrust regulation of horizontal concerted action implemented by digital platforms using algorithms as tools. The last chapter is related to the conclusion of this dissertation, clarifying the views of the former chapters and summarizing the discussions about the relevant legal systems and policy development.
(一)中文部分
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劉孔中(2020)。〈貿易戰、大數據與演算法〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,303期,頁74-91。
劉姿汝(2017)。〈論聯合行為之市場界定與市場效果-兼與日本獨占禁止法之比較〉,《公平交易季刊》,3期,頁35-74。
劉華美(2001)。〈論結合管制〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,69期,頁81-100。
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(2)大陸期刊
Richard J. Gilbert著、黃昆譯(2020)。〈排他性交易的經濟學分析和反壟斷執法〉,《經濟法律評論》,5期,頁93-117。
丁春燕(2015)。〈論我國反壟斷法適用中關於“相關市場”確定方法的完善——兼論SSNIP方法界定網路相關市場的局限性〉,《政治與法律》,3期,頁89-99。
于是(2020)。〈反不正當競爭法一般條款適用的泛化困局與繞行破解——以重構“二維指征下的三元目標疊加”標準為進路〉,《中國應用法學》,1期,頁112-132。
于瑩(2018)。〈共享經濟用工關係的認定及其法律規制——以認識當前“共享經濟”的語域為起點〉,《華東政法大學學報》,3期,頁49-60。
王天玉(2016)。〈基於互聯網平台提供勞務的勞動關係認定——以“e代駕”在京、滬、穗三地法院的判決為切入點〉,《法學》,6期,頁50-60。
王天玉(2019)。〈互聯網平台用工的合同定性及法律適用〉,《法學》,10期,頁165-181。
王天玉(2020)。〈超越“勞動二分法”:平台用工法律調整的基本立場〉,《中國勞動關係學院學報》,4期,頁66-82。
王天玉(2021)。〈為靈活就業者提供法制保障——“勞動三分法”及其時代意義〉,《中國勞動保障報》,5月19日版。
王先林(2020)。〈以法律為基礎的反壟斷戰略問題論綱——兼論我國《反壟斷法》的修訂與完善〉,《法學評論》,4期,頁119-129。
王健、吳宗澤(2020)。〈自主學習型演算法共謀的事前預防與監管〉,《深圳社會科學》,2期,頁147-160。
王雪(2011)。〈社會公共利益與消費者利益的辨析——以《反壟斷法》的規定為視角〉,《雲南行政學院學報》,1期,頁166-168。
王淑珍(2013)。〈論我國反壟斷法對消費者權益的保護〉,《長春大學學報》,1期,頁102-105。
王曉曄(2016)。〈論濫用“相對優勢地位”的法律規制〉,《現代法學》,5期,頁79-92。
王曉曄(2017)。〈我國反壟斷法中的經營者集中控制:成就與挑戰〉,《法學評論》,2期,頁11-25。
王曉曄(2020)。〈我國《反壟斷法》修訂的幾點思考〉,《法學評論》,2期,頁11-21。
王曉曄(2020)。〈論電商平台“二選一”行為的法律規制〉,《現代法學》,3期,頁151-165。
中國應用法學研究所課題組等(2020)。〈電子商務平台“二選一”行為的法律性質與規制〉,《中國應用法學》,4期,頁137-155。
毛曉飛(2013)。〈析我國反壟斷民事救濟中的消費者利益保護機制〉,《法律適用》,2期,頁47-54。
尹德洪(2013)。〈馬歇爾兩難、商業集群與區域經濟增長〉,《改革與戰略》,12期,頁25-29。
孔祥俊(2017)。〈論反不正當競爭法的新定位〉,《中外法學》,3期,頁736-757。
朱理(2016)。〈濫用相對優勢地位問題的法律規制——虛幻的敵人與真實的危險〉,《電子知識產權》,6期,頁31-39。
朱靜潔(2018)。〈互聯網企業濫用相對優勢地位行為的法律規制研究〉,《重慶郵電大學學報(社會科學版)》,1期,頁53-62。
朱戰威(2016)。〈互聯網平台的動態競爭及其規制新思路〉,《安徽大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,4期,頁126-135。
李劍(2008)。〈反壟斷法的價值取向〉,《法制與社會發展》,1期,頁13-22。
李劍(2014)。〈中國反壟斷法實施中的體系衝突與化解〉,《中國法學》,6期,頁138-153。
吳清軍、李貞(2018)。〈分享經濟下的勞動控制與工作自主性:關於網約車司機工作的混合研究〉,《社會學研究》,4期,頁137-162+244-245。
吳漢洪、王申(2020)。〈數字經濟的反壟斷:近期美國反壟斷領域爭論的啟示〉,《教學與研究》,2期,頁40-54。
吳韜(2015)。〈互聯網反壟斷案件中的市場份額與經營者市場地位評估〉,《競爭政策研究》,7期,頁20-24。
宋悅(2018)。〈美國判例中獨家交易正當理由的類型化研究——兼論對我國壟斷行為豁免法律解釋的借鑒〉,《研究生法學》,2期,頁115-126。
林森相、盧晴川(2017)。〈以效率價值主導的經營者集中申報標準重構——以滴滴出行與Uber中國合併為切入點〉,《東南大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,S2期,頁51-56。
金福海(2018)。〈電商平台經營者“二選一”行爲的競爭法分析〉,《經濟法研究》,2期,頁199-218。
周圍(2020)。〈算法共謀的反壟斷法規制〉,《法學》,1期,頁40-59。
胡悅、史修瑩(2016)。〈反價格壟斷視閾下的消費者權益保護〉,《長白學刊》,6期,頁69-75。
胡鋼(2015)。〈互聯網+互聯網 謹慎壟斷經營〉,《互聯網經濟》,6期,頁20-24。
郜慶、蘇厚陽(2019)。〈滴滴合併優步案的反壟斷分析〉,《華北電力大學學報(社會科學版)》,6期,頁78-84。
侯強(2007)。〈獨佔交易的經濟分析與反壟斷政策〉,《產業經濟研究》,1期,頁19-24。
侯懷霞、錢文亮(2002)。〈論我國反壟斷的立法模式〉,《山西大學學報》,6期,頁38-41。
洪瑩瑩(2016)。〈美國聯邦反托拉斯執法的司法審查強度問題研究〉,《競爭法律與政策評論》,00期,頁139-163。
班小輝(2019)。〈“零工經濟”下任務化用工的勞動法規制〉,《法學評論》,3期,頁106-118。
袁波(2020a)。〈電子商務領域“二選一”行為競爭法規制的困境及出路〉,《法學》,8期,頁176-191。
袁波(2020b)。〈走出互聯網領域反壟斷法分析的七個誤區——以“微信封禁飛書”事件為中心〉,《競爭政策研究》,1期,頁46-58。
袁嘉、梁博文(2020)。〈有效創新競爭理論與數字經濟時代反壟斷法修訂〉,《競爭政策研究》,3期,頁18-30。
莫世建(2010)。〈航空公司運價新體系的《反壟斷法》問題思考〉,《長春市委黨校學報》,2期,頁74-80。
徐孟洲(2008)。〈論我國反壟斷法的價值與核心價值〉,《法學家》,1期,頁6-10+4。
殷繼國(2019)。〈大數據市場反壟斷規制的理論邏輯與基本路徑〉,《政治與法律》,10期,頁134-148。
郭宗杰、崔茂杰(2020)。〈電商平台“二選一”排他性交易法律適用研究〉,《中國應用法學》,2期,頁104-118。
郭傳凱(2018)。〈互聯網平台企業合併反壟斷規制研究——以“滴滴”“優步中國”合併案為例證〉,《經濟法論叢》,1期,頁408-442。
郭傳凱(2020)。〈走出網絡不當競爭行為規制的雙重困境〉,《法學評論》,4期,頁144-155。
郭慧陽(2021)。〈算法共謀的認定與反壟斷執法〉,《中國市場監管研究》,2期,頁26-30。
郭曉玲(2019)。〈數字經濟下反壟斷執法探索〉,《社科縱橫》,12期,頁75-78。
唐要家、楊越(2020)。〈雙邊市場平台獨占交易協議的反競爭效應〉,《首都經濟貿易大學學報》,4期,頁62-69。
涂永前、王倩雲(2020)。〈零工經濟崛起與零工勞動者權益保護——來自美國《加州零工經濟法》的啟示〉,《中國勞動關係學院學報》,5期,頁87-99。
陳兵(2013)。〈論反壟斷法對消費者的保護——以濫用市場支配地位案件為中心〉,《湖南師範大學社會科學學報》,4期,頁78-83。
陳兵(2020)。〈因應超級平台對反壟斷法規制的挑戰〉,《法學》,2期,頁103-128。
陳兵、程前(2020)。〈互聯網經濟發展對反壟斷法調適的影響及應對——以《〈反壟斷法〉修訂草案(公開徵求意見稿)》為視角〉,《遼寧師範大學學報(社會科學版)》,5期,頁51-63。
陳富良、郭建斌(2020)。〈數字經濟反壟斷規制變革:理論、實踐與反思——經濟與法律向度的分析〉,《理論探討》,6期,頁5-13。
陳發源(2007)。〈旅遊法立法的幾個基本問題〉,《安徽廣播電視大學學報》,3期,頁26-30。
孫穎(2008)。〈論競爭法對消費者的保護〉,《中國政法大學學報》,4期,頁88-98+159。
陶廣峰(2008)。〈消費者權益保護與各國反壟斷法的發展——兼談對中國反壟斷法的啟示〉,《學習與探索》,6期,頁133-136。
理查德吉爾伯特著、黃昆譯(2020)。〈排他性交易的經濟學分析和反壟斷執法〉,《經濟法律評論》,5期,頁93-117。
常凱、 鄭小靜(2019)。〈雇傭關係還是合作關係?——互聯網經濟中用工關係性質辨析〉,《中國人民大學學報》,2期,頁78-88。
許光耀(2020)。〈互聯網產業中排他性交易行為的反壟斷法分析方法〉,《中國應用法學》,1期,頁37-48。
張永忠(2007)。〈從“方便麵聯合漲價事件”看反壟斷法對消費者利益的保護〉,《法學》,11期,頁3-8。
張永忠(2013)。〈反壟斷法中的消費者福利標準:理論確證與法律適用〉,《政法論壇》,3期,頁102-109。
張江莉、張鐳(2021)。〈平台經濟領域的消費者保護——基於反壟斷法理論和實踐的分析〉,《電子政務》,5期,頁21-32。
張昕竹(2011)。〈“坦白從寬”在反壟斷法中的應用——中國壟斷協議的寬大政策研究〉,《山東大學學報哲學社會科學版》,2期,頁1-9。
張茜(2019)。〈“互聯網平台競爭法律問題研討會”綜述〉,《競爭政策研究》,4期,頁84-89。
張素鳳(2016)。〈“專車”運營中的非典型用工問題及其規範〉,《華東政法大學學報》,6期,頁75-87。
張家宇、莫良元(2014)。〈法經濟學視國下反壟斷法執行問題探析〉,《經濟法論叢》,1期,頁51-65。
張博(2019)。〈數字經濟中算法參與型協同行為的認定標準研究〉,《法大研究生》,第2期,頁531-551。
張廣亞、周圍(2020)。〈規制“二選一”行為的反壟斷法適用〉,《中國應用法學》,02期,頁119-132。
張璿(2020)。〈關於支付市場壟斷與跨市場競爭問題的探討〉,《中國信用卡》,7期,頁56-60。
彭嶽(2012)。〈反壟斷豁免中的規制性衝突及其解決——以證券市場為例〉,《當代法學》,4期,頁125-133。
斯科特•安德魯•謝爾、吳一塵(2015)。〈美國反托拉斯法中的排他性行為〉,《競爭政策研究》,4期,頁97-103。
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黃進喜、朱崇實(2010)。〈美國反托拉斯法中的經濟學理論發展及啓示〉,《廈門大學學報》,3期,頁51-58。
葉明(2014)。〈互聯網行業市場支配地位的認定困境及其破解路徑〉,《法商研究》,1期,頁31-38。
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焦海濤(2018)。〈“二選一”行為的反壟斷法分析〉,《財經法學》,5期,頁78-92+117。
焦海濤(2019)。〈縱向非價格壟斷協議的反壟斷法規制:困境與出路〉,《現代法學》,4期,頁123-139。
焦海濤(2020)。〈電商平台“二選一”的法律適用與分析方法〉,《中國應用法學》,1期,頁49-62。
鄒開亮、王米娜(2020)。〈互聯網“零工經濟”下從業人員權益保障問題研究〉,《內江師範學院學報》,11期,頁113-119。
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遊鈺(2010)。〈論反壟斷執法之規範與比例原則〉,《甘肅政法學院學報》,110期,頁105-110。
游鈺(2014)。〈論反壟斷中的消費者利益〉,《經濟法論叢》,2期,頁36-52。
楊利華(2019)。〈第三方支付行業競爭的反壟斷法規制〉,《法商研究》,6期,頁127-138。
楊東(2020)。〈論反壟斷法的重構:應對數字經濟的挑戰〉,《中國法學》,3期,頁206-222。
楊雪(2018)。〈消費者利益在中國反壟斷法中的適用——以工商系統為例〉,《現代商業》,16期,頁186-187。
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齊世山(2013)。〈論縱向壟斷協議的寬大政策適用〉,《中國價格監督檢查》,12期,頁14-16。
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劉雲(2021)。〈互聯網平台反壟斷的國際趨勢及中國應對〉,《社會科學文摘》,2期,頁13-15。
劉夢羽(2018)。〈論蘋果公司對“打賞”抽成構成不法壟斷〉,《經濟法學評論》,1期,頁61-83。
劉寧元(2009)。〈反壟斷法政策目標的多元化〉,《法學》,10期,頁70-76。
劉穎(2018)。〈我國電子商務法調整的社會關係範圍〉,《中國法學》,4期,頁195-216。
劉繼峰(2013)。〈反壟斷法益分析方法的建構及其運用〉,《中國法學》,6期,頁20-33。
劉繼峰(2021)。〈結構主義視角下我國反壟斷罰款制度研究〉,《社會科學輯刊》,2期,頁118-128。
霍梅妮(2021)。〈電商平台“二選一”行為的違法性分析〉,《南方金融》,536期,頁102-112。
戴龍(2019)。〈關於《電子商務法》對濫用優勢地位規制的適用研究〉,《價格理論與實踐》,2期,頁28-32。
韓偉(2017)。〈算法合謀反壟斷初探——OECD《算法與合謀》報告介評(上)〉,《競爭政策研究》,5期,頁112-121。
謝增毅(2018)。〈互聯網平台用工勞動關係認定〉,《中外法學》,6期,頁1546-1569。
顏雅倫(2016)。〈雙邊/多邊市場之競爭與創新─ ─論競爭法的因應〉,《科技法學評論》,1期,頁219-266。
顏運秋(2005)。〈反壟斷法立法的目的與保護消費者權益〉,《社會科學家》,5期,頁104-107。
顏運秋(2005)。〈反壟斷法應以保護消費者權益為終極目的〉,《消費經濟》,5期,頁70-73。
蘭磊(2016)。〈反壟斷法上消費者利益的誤用批判(上)〉,《競爭政策研究》,5期,頁62-83。
鐘原(2018)。〈論比例原則在反壟斷執法中的適用〉,《經濟法論壇》,1期,頁40-55。
3.網頁文章
《TalkingData:2015年移動互聯網行業發展報告》,載於199IT http://www.199it.com/archives/431719.html(最後瀏覽日:07/29/2021)。
《Uber條款10/6上路,交通部:限期轉型計程車駕駛免罰》,載於科技新報https://technews.tw/2019/10/05/uber-terms-october-6th/(最後瀏覽日:04/11/2021)。
《中國數字行銷圖譜報告:“流量紅利”消失,電商流量成本已占售價的20%-30%》,載於經濟觀察報https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1648084143837143081&wfr=spider&for=pc(最後瀏覽日:07/04/2021)。
《央視調查發現機票漲價推手疑為壟斷公司》,載於搜狐新聞http://news.sohu.com/20090421/n263513639.shtml(最後瀏覽日:09/13/2021)。
《四大行下調快捷支付轉帳限額》,載於人民網http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/0324/c40531-24718407.html(最後瀏覽日:05/06/2021)。
《四年間被罰近百億美元 谷歌在全球被反壟斷“圍獵”》,載於新浪科技https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2020-12-26/doc-iiznezxs8979087.shtml(最後瀏覽日:05/06/2021)。
《民航新運價體系休克》,載於航空旅遊網http://news.cnair.com/c/200909/15386.html(最後瀏覽日:09/13/2021)。
《谷歌反壟斷訴訟背後那些事兒》,載於騰訊網https://tech.qq.com/a/20150510/006690.htm(最後瀏覽日:07/22/2021)。
《英國成立競爭及市場管理局(Competition and Markets Authority)》,載於台灣經貿網https://info.taiwantrade.com/biznews/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E5%8F%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80-competition-and-markets-authority-968195.html(最後瀏覽日:09/18/2021)。
《是的,滴滴崩了,你遲到了嗎?》,載於騰訊網https://new.qq.com/omn/20210225/20210225A0F5W700.html(最後瀏覽日:02 /26/2021)。
《美團VS滴滴,打車價格戰又開始了?》,載於知乎https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/96229569(最後瀏覽日:08/04/2021)。
《電商“二選一”屢禁不止數位平台經濟反壟斷加速規制》,載於百度https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1685740176494181617&wfr=spider&for=pc(最後瀏覽日:12/11/2020)。
《滴滴Uber合併後,打車越來越貴,嘟嘟巴士卻說:這是我們機會!》,載於創業邦http://www.yixieshi.com/50135.html(最後瀏覽日:07/29/2021)。
《滴滴回應系統崩潰:司機口碑不受影響 乘客已支付差額將退還》,載於鳳凰網,https://i.ifeng.com/c/84980TZhxBo(最後瀏覽日:04/06/2021)。
《滴滴快的10億補貼再掀價格戰 打專車可免起步價》,載於中國財經,http://finance.china.com.cn/roll/20150321/3015106.shtml(最後瀏覽日:08/04/2021)。
《滴滴違規面臨整改 都是調度費惹的禍》,載於新浪財經http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2017-01-24/doc-ifxzunxf1994201.shtml(最後瀏覽日:04/02/2021)。
《融合資源 促進中國移動出行行業更健康發展》,載於滴滴出行官網https://www.didiglobal.com/news/newsDetail?id=165&type=news(最後瀏覽日:04/06/2021)。
《優酷土豆將以100%換股方式合併 土豆將退市》,載於騰訊科技https://tech.qq.com/a/20120312/000387.htm(最後瀏覽日:04/07/2021)。
《雙十一的冰火兩重天:阿里巴巴交易額狂刷紀錄,監管趨緊股價暴跌》,載於BBC中文網站https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-54914808(最後瀏覽日:10/07/2021)。
《關於滴滴和優步合併,你需要關注的事都在這裡》,載於簡書https://www.jianshu.com/p/7de8d0b893b7(最後瀏覽日:04/01/2021)。
《攜程與去哪兒網也合併了》,載於中國指數網http://www.idx365.com/indexInfo/cont1380.html(最後瀏覽日:04/07/2021)。
Uber(2019),《Uber 始終堅守以消費者、駕駛、產業為本,用智慧科技讓城市生活品質更好》,載於Uber https://www.uber.com/zh-TW/newsroom/uber-mythbuster/(最後瀏覽日:04/12/2021)。
Uber(2021),《Uber 私隱政策聲明》,載於Uber https://www.uber.com/legal/zh-tw/document/?country=hong-kong&lang=zh-hk&name=privacy-notice(最後瀏覽日:06/25/2021)。
Uber(2021),《雙享方案之條款與條件(台灣)》,載於Uber https://www.uber.com/legal/en/document/?name=renewable-passes-terms&country=taiwan&lang=zh-tw(最後瀏覽日:04/12/2021)。
公平交易委員會(2021),《3家國內線航空公司見面談價格,違反公平交易法規定!》,載於公平交易委員會https://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=126&docid=16751(最後瀏覽日:09/05/2021)。
林火燦(2019),《強化競爭政策的基礎性地位》,載於人民網http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0122/c40531-30583083.html(最後瀏覽日:07/26/2021)。
林庭安(2020),《Instagram用戶飆破10億,為何兩位創辦人卻轉身離開?》,載於經理人 https://www.managertoday.com.tw/articles/view/61994(最後瀏覽日:02/24/2021)。
陳曉莉(2018),《杜絕疲勞駕駛,Uber強制司機開車12小時後至少要休息6小時》,載於iThome https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/121326(最後瀏覽日:10/20/2021)。
高敬原(2018),《YouTube拋廣告分潤新標準,創作者想抽成賺錢變難了》,載於數位時代https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/47832/youtube-again-revises-rules-to-protect-advertisers-from-offensive-content(最後瀏覽日:02/03/2021)。
陳添枝(2020),《數位經濟下政府、企業、產業的影響》,載於工商時報名家評論,https://view.ctee.com.tw/processing/24506.html(最後瀏覽日:01/25/2021)。
黃嬿(2015),《Uber司機爭議不是問題,無人駕駛汽車才是最終目標》,載於天下雜誌https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5071057(最後瀏覽日:01/16/2021)。
蘇文彬(2019),《Uber以人臉辨識把關駕駛身份、一鍵報警等功能強化乘車安全》,載於iThome https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/128500(最後瀏覽日:06/02/2021)。


(二)英文部分
1.書籍
Adams, Walter & Brock, James W.(2nd ed. 2004). THE BIGNESS COMPLEX: INDUSTRY, LABOR, AND GOVERNMENT IN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY. California: Stanford Economics & Finance.
Areeda, Phillip E. & Hovenkamp, Herbert(3rd ed. 2008). ANTITRUST LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF ANTITRUST PRINCIPLES AND THEIR APPLICATION. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Areeda, Phillip E. & Hovenkamp, Herbert(5th ed. 2020). ANTITRUST LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF ANTITRUST PRINCIPLES AND THEIR APPLICATION. New York: Aspen Law & Business.
Auletta, Ken(1st ed. 2009). GOOGLED: THE END OF THE WORLD AS WE KNOW IT. New York: Penguin Press.
Blair, Roger D. & Sokol, D. Daniel(1st ed. 2015). THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL ANTITRUST ECONOMICS, VOLUME 1. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bork, Robert H.(1st ed. 1978). THE ANTITRUST PARADOX: A POLICY AT WAR WITH ITSELF. New York: Basic Books.
Breyer, Stephen G.(1st ed. 1982). REGULATION AND ITS REFORM. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Bruce, Doern G. & Wilks, Stephen(1st ed. 1996). COMPARATIVE COMPETITION POLICY. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dabbah, Maher M.(1st ed. 2003). THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF ANTITRUST POLICY. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Daly, Martin & Wilson, Margo(1st ed. 1988). HOMICIDE: FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Evans, David S. & Schmalensee, Richard(1st ed. 2016). MATCHMAKERS: THE NEW ECONOMICS OF MULTISIDED PLATFORMS. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Ezrachi, Ariel & Stucke, Maurice E.(1st ed. 2016). VIRTUAL COMPETITION: THE PROMISE AND PERILS OF THE ALGORITHM-DRIVEN ECONOMY. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Fox, Eleanor M. & Sullivan, Lawrence A.(1st ed. 1989). CASES AND MATERIALS ON ANTITRUST. Saint Paul, Minnesota: ‎West Publishing Company.
Goyder, D. G.(5th ed. 2004). EC COMPETITION LAW. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(5th ed. 2015). FEDERAL ANTITRUST POLICY: THE LAW OF COMPETITION AND ITS PRACTICE. Saint Paul, Minnesota: West Academic Publishing.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(6th ed. 2020). FEDERAL ANTITRUST POLICY: THE LAW OF COMPETITION AND ITS PRACTICE. Minnesota: West Academic Publishing.
Jonathan B. Baker(1st ed. 2019). THE ANTITRUST PARADIGM: RESTORING A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Kaplow, Louis(1st ed. 2013). COMPETITION POLICY AND PRICE FIXING. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Keynes, John Maynard(1st ed. 1923). A TRACT ON MONETARY REFORM. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
Kilpatrick, Bruce & Kobel, Pierre & Këllezi, Pranvera(1st ed. 2018). ANTITRUST ANALYSIS OF ONLINE SALES PLATFORMS & COPYRIGHT LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Kwoka, John(1st ed. 2015). MERGERS, MERGER CONTROL, AND REMEDIES: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF U.S. POLICY. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Mises, Ludwig von(3rd ed. 2007). BUREAUCRACY. Indianapolis : Liberty Fund.
Moazed, Alex & Johnson, Nicholas L.(1st ed. 2016)., MODERN MONOPOLIES: WHAT IT TAKES TO DOMINATE THE 21st CENTURY ECONOMY. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Nowak, Martin A.(1st ed. 2011). SUPER COOPERATORS: ALTRUISM, EVOLUTION, AND WHY WE NEED EACH OTHER TO SUCCEED. New York: Free Press.
Posner, Richard A.(2nd ed. 2001). ANTITRUST LAW. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rosenblat, Alex(1st ed. 2018). UBERLAND: HOW ALGORITHMS ARE REWRITING THE RULES OF WORK. California: University of California Press.
Scherer, F. M.(2d ed. 1980). INDUSTRIAL MARKET STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE. Boston: ‎ Houghton Mifflin.
Shapiro, Carl & Varian, Hal R.(1st ed. 1999). INFORMATION RULES: A STRATEGIC GUIDE TO THE NETWORK ECONOMY. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Shermer, Michael(2nd ed. 2008). THE MIND OF THE MARKET: COMPASSIONATE APES, COMPETITIVE HUMANS, AND OTHER TALES FROM EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS. New York: Times Books.
Sullivan, E. Thomas & Hovenkamp, Herbert & Shelanski, Howard A. & Leslie, Christopher R.(8th ed. 2019). ANTITRUST LAW, POLICY, AND PROCEDURE CASES, MATERIALS, PROBLEMS. North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
Sullivan, E. Thomas, & Herbert, Hovenkamp & Howard, A. Shelanski & Christopher, R. Leslie(8th ed. 2019). ANTITRUST LAW, POLICY, AND PROCEDURE CASES, MATERIALS, PROBLEMS. North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
Sullivan, Lawrence A. & Grimes, Warren S.(2nd ed. 2006). THE LAW OF ANTITRUST: AN INTEGRATED HANDBOOK. Saint Paul, Minnesota: West Academic Publishing.
Weil, David(1st ed. 2014). THE FISSURED WORKPLACE: WHY WORK BECAME SO BAD FOR SO MANY AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO IMPROVE IT. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Whish, Richard & Bailey, David(9th ed. 2018). COMPETITION LAW. England‎: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Robert A. & Keil, Frank C.(1st ed. 1999). THE MIT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Wu, Tim(1st ed. 2018). THE CURSE OF BIGNESS: ANTITRUST IN THE NEW GILDED AGE. New York: Columbia Global Reports.
2.期刊論文
Akman, Pinar(2017). The Theory of Abuse in Google Search: A Positive and Normative Assessment Under EU Competition Law. Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 2017, 301-374.
Anderson, Mark & Huffman, Max(2017). The Sharing Economy Meets the Sherman Act: Is Uber a Firm, a Cartel, or Something in Between?. Columbia Business Law Review, 2017, 859-933.
Anderson, Mark & Huffman, Max(2017).The Sharing Economy Meets the Sherman Act: Is Uber a Firm, a Cartel, or Something in Between?. Columbia Business Law Review, 2017, 859-933.
Baker, Jonathan B.(2007). Beyond Schumpeter vs. Arrow: How Antitrust Fosters Innovation. Antitrust Law Journal, 74, 575-602.
Baker, Jonathan B.(2015). Taking the Error out of ‘Error Cost’ Analysis: What's Wrong with Antitrust's Right. Antitrust Law Journal, 80, 1-38.
Bamberger, Kenneth A. & Lobel, Orly(2017). Platform Market Power. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 32, 1051-1092.
Barnes, Stuart J. & Mattsson, Jan(2016). Understanding current and future issues in collaborative consumption: a four-stage Delphi study. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 104, 200-211.
Barzel, Yoram(1974). A Theory of Rationing by Waiting. The Journal of Law & Economics, 17, 73-95.
Bass, Paige S.(2001). Overview of Antitrust Problems Inherent in Electronic Commerce. Consumer Finance Law Quarterly Report, 55, 268-273.
Beaupre, Jacob(2020). Big is not Always Bad the Misuse of Antitrust Law to Break Up Big Tech Companies. DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal, 18, 25-48.
Blair, Roger D. & Sokol, D. Daniel(2012). The Rule of Reason and the Goals of Antitrust: An Economic Approach. Antitrust Law Journal, 78, 471-504.
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Bone, Jeffrey(2020). Antitrust Reform: Implications of Prospective Threats by Digital Platforms to Relocate Abroad. Belmont Law Review, 8, 164-190.
Bork, Robert H.(1966). Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act. The Journal of Law & Economics, 9, 7-48.
Brietzke, Paul H.(1979). Robert Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself. Valparaiso University Law Review, 13, 403-421.
Bryan, Kevin & Hovenkamp, Erik(2020). Antitrust Limits on Startup Acquisitions. Review of Industrial Organization, 56, 615-636
Ceccio, John & Mufarrige, Christopher(2020). Digital Platform Competition, Merger Control, and the Incentive to Innovate: Don't Kill the Goose that Lays the Golden Egg. Competition: The Journal of the Antitrust, UCL and Privacy Section of the California Lawyers Association, 30, 52-69.
Cherry, Barbara A.(2003). The Political Realities of Telecommunications Policies in the U.S.: How the Legacy of Public Utility Regulation Constrains Adoption of New Regulatory Models. Michigan State DCL Law Review, 2003, 757-790.
Coase, Ronald H.(1937).The Nature of the Firm. Economica, 4, 386-405.
Coate, Malcolm B. et. al.(1990). Bureaucracy and Politics in FTC Merger Challenges. The Journal of Law & Economics, 33, 463-482.
Coyle,Diane(2019). Practical Competition Policy Implications of Digital Platforms. Antitrust Law Journal, 82, 835-860.
Crane, Daniel A.(2014). The Tempting of Antitrust: Robert Bork and the Goals of Antitrust Policy. Antitrust Law Journal, 79, 835-853.
Day, Gregory & Stemler, Abbey(2020). Are Dark Patterns Anticompetitive?. Alabama Law Review, 72, 1-45.
Deknatel, Anna & Hoff-Downing, Lauren(2015). ABC on the Books and in the Courts: An Analysis of Recent Independent Contractor and Misclassification Statutes. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change, 18, 53-104.
Desai, Kiran S.(2017). Digital Economy at the Forefront. European Competition and Regulatory Law Review,1, 56-62.
Devlin, Alan(2009). Analyzing Monopoly Power Ex Ante. NYU Journal of Law & Business,5, 153-206.
Dyal-Chand, Rashmi(2015). Regulating Sharing:The Sharing Economy As an Alternative Capitalist System. Tulane Law Review, 90, 241-309.
Easterbrook, Frank H.(1984). The Limits of Antitrust. Texas Law Review, 63, 1-40.
Easterbrook, Frank H.(2003). When Is It Worthwhile to Use Courts to Search for Exclusionary Conduct?. Columbia Business Law Review, 2003, 345-358.
Economides, Nicholas(1996). The Economics of Networks. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 14, 1-36.
Edelman, Benjamin & Geradin, Damien(2016). Android and Competition Law: Exploring and Assessing Google's Practices in Mobile. European Competition Journal, 12, 159–194.
Elzinga, Kenneth G.(1977). The Goals of Antitrust: Other Than Competition and Efficiency, What Else Counts?. University of Pennsylvania law review, 125, 1191-1213.
Enis, Ben M. & Sullivan, E. Thomas(1985). The AT&T Settlement: Legal Summary, Economic Analysis, and Marketing Implications. Journal of Marketing, 49, 127-136.
Estlund, Cynthia(2002). The Ossification of American Labor Law. Columbia Law Review, 102, 1527-1612.
Evans, David S.(2003). The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets. Yale Journal on Regulation, 20, 325-381.
Foer, Albert A.(2001). E-Commerce Meets Antitrust: A Primer. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 20, 51-63.
Fox, Eleanor M. & Sullivan, Lawrence A.(1987). Antitrust—Retrospective and Prospective: Where are We Coming from? Where are We Going?. New York University Law Review, 62, 936-970.
Fox, Eleanor M.(2013). Against Goals. Fordham Law Review, 81, 2157-2161.
Frank, Rachel(2017). Judge Gorsuch on Antitrust. Stanford Law Review Online, 69, 179-184.
Gal, Michal S. & Elkin-Koren, Niva(2017). Algorithmic Consumers. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 30, 309-353.
Gavil, Andrew I.(2020). Can Antitrust Protect the Fourth Estate from the Fourth Industrial Revolution. First Amendment Law Review, 18, 25-59.
Gifford, Daniel & Kudrle, Robert(2005). Rhetoric and Reality in the Merger Standards of the United States, Canada, and the European Union. Antitrust Law Journal, 72, 423-469.
Gilbert, Evan Michael(2019). Antitrust and Commitment Issues: Monopolization of the Dating App Industry. New York University Law Review, 94, 862-898.
Ginsburg, Douglas H.(2014). Borks Legislative Intent and the Courts. Antitrust Law Journal, 79, 941-951.
Greene, Hillary(2006). Guideline Institutionalization: The Role of Merger Guidelines in Antitrust Discourse. William and Mary Law Review, 48, 771-857.
Grimmelmann, James(2007). The Structure of Search Engine Law. Iowa Law Review, 93, 1-63.
Guilfoyle, Kathleen(2020). Uber's Efficiencies: A Modest Proposal for Limiting Use of Antitrust's Per Se Rule. University of Colorado Law Review, 91, 313-343.
Hanley, Daniel A.(2020). A Topology of Multisided Digital Platforms. Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal, 19, 271-350.
Harned, Karen R. et. al.(2010). Creating A Workable Legal Standard for Defining an Independent Contractor. Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and the Law, 4, 93-117.
Harris, Brett(2017). Uber, Lyft, and Regulating the Sharingeconomy. Seattle University Law Review, 41, 269-285.
Hemphill, C. Scott(2019). Disruptive Incumbents: Platform Competition in an Age of Machine Learning. Columbia Law Review, 119, 1973-2000.
Horton, Thomas J.(2013). Fairness and Antitrust Reconsidered: An Evolutionary Perspective. McGeorge Law Review, 44, 823-864.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(1989). Antitrust's Protected Classes. Michigan Law Review, 88, 1-48.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(2010). The Federal Trade Commission and The Sherman Act. Florida Law Review, 62, 871-894.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(2012). Antitrust and the Costs of Movement. Antitrust Law Journal, 78, 67-104.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(2017). Appraising Merger Efficiencies.George Mason Law Review, 24, 703-741.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(2018). Whatever Did Happen to the Antitrust Movement?. Notre Dame Law Review, 94, 583-637.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(2019). Is Antitrusts Consumer Welfare Principle Imperiled. Journal of Corporation Law, 45, 65-94.
Hovenkamp, Herbert(2019). Regulation and the Marginalist Revolution. Florida Law Review, 71, 455-514.
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