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題名：地圖知識正式化之研究--以自動化繪圖的圖面配置為例
書刊名：地理學報
作者：張春蘭
作者(外文)：Chang, Chun-lan
出版日期：2000
卷期：28
頁次：頁1-15
主題關鍵詞：知識正式化；地圖圖元；自動化繪圖；圖元配置；Formalizing knowledge；Map elements；Automatic mapping；Layout design
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:298
  • 點閱點閱:35
使用地理資訊系統的最後階段，往往會將成果繪製成地圖輸出。而一張完整的地目，需要搭配圖框、圖名，圖例、插圖、比例尺、指北針和圖文說明等圖元，設計成一幅完整的地圖。近幾年來，市面上較進步的電腦繪圖軟體，已開始提供一些圖元配置格式以供使用者參考，但所考慮的條件還不甚周詳，配置之結果也不盡理想，使用者還需下功夫加以調整，形成出圖過程的一個瓶頸。 為了尋求將來能發展自動化繪圖圖面配置知識之正式化，在過去相關的研究中，曾分別以形狀、大小和位置為主題，歸納過一系列隱含有地圖專家經驗的圖元配置關係。本研究將這些個別影響圖元的變數加以彙整，根據配置程序，整合出圖元之間的配置法則和流程，建立了配置地圖最常用的版面型式之典範。 本文進一步依照這些彙整出來的知識結構、程序、法則和公式，以電腦交談方式實際應用在地理資訊系統的繪圖軟體中，證實具有研發的可行性，並奠定地圖配置方面的研究基礎。再透過問卷調查的回應，顯示以知識配置的地圖，品質確實較為優良，而在配置的執行與成果中發現局部待改善的地方，正是未來相關研究值得深入探討的課題。未來若能將這些成果建構在軟體中，不僅有助於相關研究的進行，也可提供一般繪圖軟體的使用者，容易有效地產生一幅較理想的地圖。
In using geographic information system (GIS) for data manipulation, we usually need to present the results through maps. A map usually consists of several elements including a frame, title, legend, scale bar, north arrow, as well as text and other explanatory graphics. Recently, some computer graphic software has been to provide simple layout templates. However, using these automatic map layout devices seldom gives satisfactory results and users have to adjust some of these map elements manually in order to create the format they want. In order to formalize automatic mapping layout design-knowledge, there is a need for the basic data, including shape, size and relative position of specific features to be processed according to rules designed by experienced cartographers. The present study reports on the creation of a series of generalized map-layout rules as a series of layout templates. The generalized mapping rules and procedures are then applied to GIS graphic software through computer interactive mode. This research results provide preliminary basis and show the potential for further research on map design. The analysis of questionnaires confirms that better information transmission has been achieved by knowledge-based map design. Problems encountered during the process of applying the developed design process deserves further study. Incorporation of the research results in future graphics software should facilitate the production of much better maps.
期刊論文
1.Hirsch, S. A.(1982)。An algorithm for automatic name placement around point data。The American Cartographer，9(1)，5-17。  new window
2.Bos, E. S.(1982)。Another Approach to the Identity of Cartography。ITC Journal，2，104-108。  new window
3.張春蘭(19961100)。地圖圖面配置中各圖元形狀之相互關係。國立臺灣大學理學院地理學系地理學報，21，95-109。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.張春蘭(19961200)。地圖圖面配置中各圖元大小之相互關係。地圖，7，63-80。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.張春蘭(19970500)。地圖圖面配置中各圖元位置之相互關係。國立臺灣大學理學院地理學系地理學報，22，35-51。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Antes, James R.、Chang, Kang-tsung、Mullis, Chad(1985)。The Visual Effect of Map Design: An Eye-movement Analysis。The American Cartographer，12(2)，143-155。  new window
7.Tobler, W. R.(1979)。A transformational view of cartography。The American Cartographer，6(2)，101-106。  new window
8.Yarnal, C. M. M.、Coulson, M. R. C.(1982)。Recreational map design and map use: An experiment。The Cartographic Journal，19(1)，16-27。  new window
9.Brewer, Cynthia A.(1997)。Spectral Schemes: Controversial Color Use on Maps。Cartography and Geographic Information Science，24(4)，203-220。  new window
10.Brewer, C. A.、McMaster, Robert B.(1999)。The State of Academic Cartography。Cartography and Geographic Information Science，24(4)，203-220。  new window
11.Hocking, D.、Keller, C. P.(1992)。A user perspective on atlas content and design。The Cartographic Journal，29，109-117。  new window
12.Hsu, M. L.(1979)。The cartographer's conceptual process and thematic symbolisation。Cartography and Geographic Information Systems，6(2)，117-127。  new window
13.Imhof, E.(1975)。Positioning names on mapsa。The American Cartographer，2(2)，128-134。  new window
14.Kilpelainen, T.(2000)。Knowledge Acquisition for Generalization Rules。Cartography and Geographic Information Science，27(1)，41-50。  new window
15.Mower, J. E.(1993)。Automated feature and name placement on parallel computers。Cartography and Geographic Information Systems，20(2)，69-82。  new window
16.NCGIA(1993)。National center for geographic information and analysis。Update，5(1)。  new window
17.Richardson, D. E.、McMaster, W. A.(1999)。Computational Processes for Map Generalization。Cartography and Geographic Information Science，26(1)，3-6。  new window
18.Taylor, D. R. F.(1994)。Cartography for knowledge, action and development: Retrospective and prospective/ new directions。The Cartographic Journal，31，52-55。  new window
19.Zoraster, S.(1997)。Practical results using simulated annealing for point feature label placement。Cartography and Geographic Information Systems，24(4)，228-238。  new window
學位論文
1.Chu, Gregory Hoi-Yuen(1986)。Type Size Selection in Map Design: A User-Preference Approach(博士論文)。University of Hawaii。  new window
2.Meehan, G. B.(1984)。An Alternative Legend for the Chorpleth Map: The Box Plot Array(-)，Chapel Hill。  new window
圖書
1.Robinson, A. H.、Sale, R. D.、Morrison, J. L.、Muehrcke, P. C.(1984)。Elements of Cartography。New York：John Wiley & sons。  new window
2.Keates, J. S.(1989)。Cartographic design and production。London：Longman Group。  new window
3.Anson, R. W.(1988)。Basic Cartography for Students and technicians。London：International Cartographic Association。  new window
4.Raisz, E.(1962)。Principles of Cartography。New York：McGraw-Hill。  new window
5.Robinson, A. H.、Morrison, J. L.、Muehrcke, P. C.、Kimerling, A. J.、Guptill, S. C.(1995)。Elements of Cartography。New York。  new window
6.Dent, B. D.(1993)。Cartography thematic map design。Oxford：Wm C. Brown Publishers。  new window
7.Raisz, Erwin(1948)。General of Cartography。McGraw-Hill。  new window
8.Arnhein, Rudolf(1954)。Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye。University of California Press。  new window
9.鄭昭明(1993)。認知心理學：理論與實踐。桂冠圖書股份有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Buttenfield, B. P.、Mark, D. M.(1991)。Expert system in cartographic design。Geographic Information System: The Computer and Contemporary Cartography。Oxford。  new window
11.Freeman, H.、Ahn, J.(1986)。AUTONAP - An expert system for automatic map name placement。Proceedings, First International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling。Zürich, Switzerland。  new window
12.Hodgkiss, A. G.(1970)。Maps for Books and Theses。Maps for Books and Theses。Newton Abbot, UK。  new window
13.Mark, D. M.(1990)。Competition for map space as a paradigm for automated map design。Proceedings of GIS/ LIS '90。沒有紀錄。  new window
14.Monkhouse, F. J.、Wilkinson, H. R.(1971)。Maps and Diagrams: Their Compilation and Construction。Maps and Diagrams: Their Compilation and Construction。London, UK。  new window
 
 
 
 
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