七O年代中期，以公營事業的經營型態存在之鐵路事業，在喪失交通市場上獨占性地位之後，經營情況逐漸惡化。各國政府在公營事業的體制內進行多次改革卻無成效之後，紛紛採行民營化的改革方式。在本文中，作者以日本和德國為例，除了介紹民營化前兩國國鐵的經營概況、問題點外，並整理兩國國鐵民營化的經過和內容，嘗試探討民營化所帶來的成果及所遭遇到的困境。同時在本文最後，藉由兩國國鐵民營化之比較，從周延民營化政策之重要性、國家是否放棄基礎設備的責任、民營化對象之考量與獨立債務處理機構之設立等四個面向，具體提出我國在推行民營化政策時應注意之事項。

　　　　　The national railway company run in the type of public business in the middle of the 80's has gradually worsening in its business operation after losing the virtue of monopolization in the transportation market. After the failure of the transformation in the internal system of the public enterprises, one by one, governments in other countries apply the transformation method---privatizing public enterprises. In this article, we attempt to discuss the results brought by the privatization of the public enterprises and the difficulties they had encountered in the other countries by taking the examples of privatization of the public enterprises in Japan and in Germany. After briefly introducing their business operation and questions before becoming private, we describe the process and contents of privatization in these two countries. Finally, through a comparative analysis of the transformation in these two countries, we offer the practical suggestions about the issues that we should be aware of on the process of privatization in our public business by considering the importance of privatization, the responsibility of whether or not the government should give up the original basic facilities, the consideration of the objective of privatization and the setting up of the independent debt dealing institute.