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題名：北美自由貿易協定第11章投資爭端解決之研究
書刊名：政大法學評論
作者：李貴英 引用關係
作者(外文)：Li, Chatherine
出版日期：2002
卷期：72
頁次：頁141-200
主題關鍵詞：北美自由貿易協定；外國投資爭端仲裁；徵收補償；警察權例外；環境保護；風險評估；The north american free trade agreement；NAFTA；Foreign investment disputes submitted to arbitration；Expropriation and compensation；Police power exception；Environmental protection；Assessment of risks
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　　　　　北美自由貿易協定第11章訂定美國，加拿大與墨西哥之間外國投資與解決投資爭端之規則。第11章之目的可歸納為以下三項：第一、明文規定外國投資待遇之準則，以建立安全穩定之投資環境；第二、廢除既存之投資障礙與限制，達成自由化之目標；第三、為地主國與外國投資人之間的爭端提供有效之解決方式。第11章之主要規定可區分為兩部份，亦即第A節與第B節。第A節揭示任一締約國對其他締約國投資人應負之實體義務。第B節則規定若地主國違反第A節所規定之義務，投資人可對地王國政府提起爭端解決。觀諸在第11章之架構下所提出之爭端案件當中，其中數件凸願出一項實際或潛在之衝突，亦即地主國合法採行相關法規或措施以謀求公共利益之時[尤甚涉及環境保護之問題] ，影響到外國投資人之權益，進而引起投資保護之爭議。在何等情況下地主國所採行之環保法規與措施構成可予補償之徵收，係為極具爭議性之法律問題與政策問題。由相關案例之分析中不難發現一項趨勢，亦即外國投資人權利之運用，並不僅限於作為對抗地主國濫用法規措施之防禦工具；在地主國政府採取不利於外國投資人利益的情況下，甚至於發展為具有戰略性攻擊之手段，藉以迫使地主國政府讓步。
　　　　　Chapter 11 of The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) provides rules for foreign investment and investment disputes between the United States, Canada and Mexico. This chapter has three objectives: (1) establish a secure investment climate by clearly stating rules of fair treatment of foreign investment; (2) remove current barriers to investment by eliminating or liberalizing restrictions; and (3) provide an effective means for the resolution of disputes between an investor and the member government. Chapter 11 is divided into two primary sections, section A and section B. Section A of Chapter 11 defines the various substantive obligations owed by each NAFTA Party to investors of other parties. Section B provides a mechanism for an investor to pursue a claim against a host government that it has breached its obligations under Section A. Several actions brought by private investors under Chapter 11 present actual or potential conflicts between protection of foreign investors and the right of national or state governments to enact otherwise valid regulations, particularly in the environmental area. When and whether such environmental regulations constitute compensable takings under NAFTA is a critical legal and policy issue. It is increasingly apparent that the private rights of foreign investors are being used not as a defensive protection against government abuse, but as a strategic offensive threat to be wielded against government decision-makers rendering or considering decisions adverse to the interests of the investors involved.
期刊論文
1.Alvarez, H. C.(2000)。Arbitration Under the North American Free Trade Agreement。Arbitration International，16(4)，393。  new window
2.Bjorklund, A. K.(2001)。Contract Without Privity: Sovereign Offer and Investor Acceptance。Chicago Journal of International Law，2，183。  new window
3.Brower II, C. H.(2001)。Investor-State Disputes Under NAFTA: The Empire Strikes Back。Columbia Journal of Transnational Law，40，43。  new window
4.Burdeau, G.(1995)。Nouvelles perspectives pour l'arbitrage dans le contentieux économique intéressant les Etats。Revue de l'arbitrage，15。  new window
5.Daly, J.(1994)。Has Mexico Crossed the Border on State Responsibility for Economic Injury to Aliens? Foreign Investment and the Calvo Clause in Mexico After the NAFTA。St. Mary's Law Journal，1158。  new window
6.Dugan, C.、Nalbandian, J.(1999)。NAFTA Chapter 11 Arbitral Tribunal: Eythl Corporation v. The Government of Canada。International Legal Materials，38(3)，708-735。  new window
7.Dodge, W. S.(2000)。National Courts and International Arbitration: Exhaustion of Remedies and Res Judicata Under Chapter Eleven of NAFTA。Hastings International and Comparative Law Review，23，357。  new window
8.Dhooge, L. J.(2001)。The Revenge of the Trail Smelter: Environment tal Regulation as Expropriation Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement。American Business Law Journal，38，475。  new window
9.Dhooge, L. J.(2001)。The North American Free Trade Agreement and the Environment: The Lessons of Metalclad Corporation v. United Mexican States。Minnesota Journal of Global Trade，10，209。  new window
10.Dearden, R.(1995)。Arbitration of Expropriation Disputes between an Investor and the State under the North American Free Trade Agreement。Journal of World Trade，29(1)，124。  new window
11.Dunn, F. S.(1928)。International Law and Private Property Rights。Columbia Law Review，28，166-180。  new window
12.Ferguson, J.(2000)。California's MTBE Contaminated Water: An Illustration of the Need for an Environmental Interpretive Note on Article 1110 of NAFTA。Colorado Journal of International Law and Policy，11，499。  new window
13.Eastman, Z.(1999)。NAFTA's Chapter 11: For Whose Benefit?。Journal of International Arbitration，16(3)，105。  new window
14.Gaillard, E.(2000)。L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain: La première sentence de la CNUDCI。Décideurs juridiques et financiers，15，47。  new window
15.Gal-Or, N.(1998)。Private Party Direct Access: A Comparison of the NAFTA and the EU Discipline。Boston Col. Int'l & Comp. L Rev，21(1)，21。  new window
16.Jimenez, M. R.(2001)。Considerations of NAFTA Chapter 11。Chicago Journal of International Law，2，243。  new window
17.Horlick, G.、Marti, A.(1997)。NAFTA Chapter 11 B. A Private Right of Action to Enforce Market Access Through Investment。Journal of International Arbitration，14(1)，44。  new window
18.Hodges, B. T.(2001)。Where the Grass is Always Greener: Foreign Investor Actions Against Environmental Regulations Under NAFTA's Chapter 11, S.D. Myers, Inc. v, Canada。Georgetown International Environmental Law Review，14，367。  new window
19.Gudofsky, J. L.(2000)。Shedding Light on Article 1110 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Concerning Expropriations: An Environmental Case Study。Journal of International Law & Business，21，243。  new window
20.Gantz, D. A.(2001)。Potential Conflicts Between Investor Rights and Environmental Regulation Under NAFTA's Chapter 11。George Washington International Law Review，33，651。  new window
21.Lee, J. S.(2001)。No "Double-Dipping" Allowed: An Analysis of Waste Management, Inc. V. United Mexican States and the Article 1121 Waiver Requirement For Arbitration Under Chapter 11 of Nafta。Fordham Law Review，69，2655。  new window
22.Kodama, Y.(1999)。Dispute Settlement under the Draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment--The Quest for an Effective Investment Dispute Settlement Mechanism and its Failure。Journal of International Arbitration，16(3)，45。  new window
23.Laird, I. A.(2001)。NAFTA Chapter 11 Meets Chicken Little。Chicago Journal of International Law，2(1)，223-229。  new window
24.Kodama, Y.(1998)。The Multilateral Agreement on Investment and Its Legal Implications for Newly Industrializing Economies。Journal of World Trade，32(4)，21。  new window
25.Killmann, B. R.(1996)。The Access of Individuals to International Trade Dispute Settlement。Journal of International Arbitration，13(3)，143。  new window
26.Pearce, C.、Coe, J.(2000)。Arbitration Under NAFTA Chapter Eleven: Some Pragmatic Reflections Upon The First Case Filed Against Mexico。Mealey's International Arbitration Report，16(1)，62。  new window
27.Poirat, F.(1998)。L'article 26 du traté relatif à la charte de l'energie: procédures de règlement de differends et statut des personnes privées。Revue critique du droit international prive，1，64。  new window
28.Paulsson, J.(1995)。Arbitration Without Privity。ICSID Rev. Foreign Investment Law Journal，254。  new window
29.Loungnarath, V.(1995)。L'incidence de l'ALENA sur la potentialite étatique du Canada。Les Cahiers de Droit，906。  new window
30.Lemaire, M. A.(2001)。Le Nouveau Visage de l'Arbitrage entre Etat et Investisseur Etranger: Le Chapitre 11 de l'ALENA。Revue de l'Arbitrage，1，70-88。  new window
31.Price, D. M.(1993)。An Overview of the NAFTA Investment Chapter: Substantive Rules and Investor-State Dispute Settlement。International Law，27，732。  new window
32.Price, D. M.(2001)。NAFTA Chapter 11 Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Frankenstein or Safety Value?。Canada-United States Law Journal，26，1。  new window
33.Price, Daniel M.(2000)。Some Observations on Chapter Eleven of NAFTA。Hastings International and Comparative Law Review，23，421-429。  new window
34.Schweizer, G. W.(2000)。The Negotiation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety。Environmental Law，6，577。  new window
35.Straight, S.(1995)。GATT and NAFTA: Marrying Effective Dispute Settlement and the Sovereignty of the Fifty States。Duke Law Journal，45(1)，250。  new window
36.Wagner, J. M.(1999)。International Investment, Expropriation and Environmental Protection。Golden Gate University Law Review，29，530。  new window
37.Vadcar, V.(1998)。Le Project d'Accord Multilatéral sur l'lnvestissement: Problématique de l'Adhésion des Pays du Sud。Journal du Droit International，1，9。  new window
38.Tideman, N.(1988)。Takings, Moral Evolution, and Justice。Columbia Law Review，88，1714。  new window
39.Thomas, J.(1999)。The 7th Geneva Global Arbitration Forum: Globalization, investment conventions, and arbitral justice。Journal of Arbitration，16(2)，116。  new window
40.Sulkowski, A.(2000)。NAFTA's Indirect Expropriation Protections: Will Compensation Be Required When Ecological Protections Are Applied? An Analysis of Metalclad Corporation's Claims Against Mexico。Mealey's International Arbitration Report，15(2)，23。  new window
41.Weiler, T.(2000)。The Ethyl Arbitration: First of its Kind and a Harbinger of Things to Come。The American Review of International Arbitration，11，187。  new window
42.Wallace, D., Jr.(2000)。State Responsibility for Denial of Substantive and Procedural Justice Under NAFTA Chapter Eleven。Hastings International and Comparative Law Review，23，393。  new window
圖書
1.Rubin, S. J.、Alexander, D. C.(1996)。NAFTA and Environment。Kluwer Law International。  new window
2.Journées d'Etudes SFDI(1999)。Un Accord Multilatéral sur l'lnvestissement: d'un forum de négociation a l'autre?。Paris：Pedone。  new window
3.Lemasurier, J.(1995)。Le Droit de l'expropriation。Paris：Economica。  new window
4.Mélanges en l'honneur de Philippe Kahn(2000)。Souveraineté Etatique et Marché Internationaux à la fin du 20e Siècle。Dijon：LitecCREDIMI。  new window
5.Rubin, S. J.、Alexander, D. C.(1995)。NAFTA and Investment。Kluwer Law International。  new window
圖書論文
1.Kennish, T.(1995)。NAFTA and Investment--A Canadian Perspective。NAFTA and Investment。Kluwer Law International。  new window
2.Camp, H.(1995)。Direct Investment Issues。NAFTA and beyond : a new framework for doing business in the Americas。Martinus Nijhoff PubM。  new window
3.Kirton, J.(1998)。NAFTA Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Integration: A Canadian Approach。Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in North America。OECD。  new window
4.Leben, Ch.(1998)。Retour sur la notion de contrat d'Etat et sur le droit applicable à celui-ci。MELANGES OFFERT A HUBERT THIERRY. L'évolution du droit international。Paris：Pedone。  new window
5.Leben, Ch.(2000)。Quelques refléxions théoriques à propos des contrats d'Etats。Souveraineté étatique et marchés internationaux à la fin du 20e siecle, Melanges en l'honneur de Philippe Kahn。Dijon：Litec-CREDIMI。  new window
6.Wälde, T.(2000)。Multilateral Investment Agreements (MITs) in the year 2000。Mélanges en l'honneur de Philippe Kahn. Souveraineté étatique et marchés internationaux à la fin du 20e siècle。Dijon：Litec-CREDIMI。  new window
 
 
 
 
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