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題名：論規範基因改良食品風險性之貿易措施在世界貿易組織下之同類產品議題
書刊名：東吳法律學報
作者：牛惠之
作者(外文)：Niu, Huei-chin
出版日期：2002
卷期：14:1
頁次：頁19-66
主題關鍵詞：基因改良食品；世界貿易組織；基因改良生物體；國民待遇原則；同類產品；歐體石綿案；產品標示；預防原則；實質等同原則；生物安全議定書；Genetically modified food；GMF；Genetically modified organisms；GMOs；WTO；National treatment；Like products；Labeling；Precautionary principle；Substantial equivalence；Biosafety protocol
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(7) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:6
  • 共同引用共同引用:32
  • 點閱點閱:41
本文旨在探討基因改良食品與具有同質性之未經基因改良之傳統食品是否為WTO規範體系下之同類產品。探討此一議題之主要目的乃在於協助釐清各國基於基因改良食品所攜帶之科學不確定性風險所做出之管制規範，如預防原則之援引、標示制度之實施等，是否可能因觸及對於同類產品之差別性待遇，而使得與WTO之相關規範構成牴觸。為處理此一議題，本文借助對於同類產品議題著墨甚深的WTO「歐體石綿案」對於相關議題之分析模式，分別針對系爭產品之特性、最終用途、消費者偏好與稅則分類等進行探討，並主張在特定之情況之下，基因改良食品與具有同質性之未經基因改良之傳統食品可被視為WTO規範體系下之同類產品。
This paper aims to examine whether GMF and similar traditional food are like products that are subject to the GATT 1994 Article III, National treatment. For its very nature, GMF is believed to pose certain ecological and health risks. To manage such risks, applying precautionary principle when scientific evidence remains uncertain, imposing GMOs-labeling, or banning the importation of such foods seems to be necessary in reducing the health risks of human beings and offering proper protection to the consumer. However, provided GMF and traditional food are like products, trade measures as such may bring discrimination between those products and thus may be a breach of the free trade principle of the WTO. While to define the likeness of GMF and traditional food is so important and not yet done, this paper seeks to refer to a recent WTO dispute report, European Communities–Measures Affecting Asbestos, to clarify the like products issues in the present matter.
期刊論文
1.Ambrose, Kathleen A.(2000)。Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) and Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS): Science and the WTO。Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus，31，861。  new window
2.Appleton, Authur E.(2000)。Genetically Modified Organisms: Colloquium Article the Labelling of GMO Products Pursuant to International Trade Rules。New York University School of Law，8，566。  new window
3.Charnovitz, S.(2000)。The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by World Trade Rules。Tulane Environmental Law Journal，13，271。  new window
4.Franken, Matthew(2000)。Fear of Frankenfoods: A Better Labeling Standard for Genetically Modified Foods。Minnesota Intellectual Property Review，1，5。  new window
5.Freire de Oliveira Souza, Henrique(2000)。Genetically Modified Plants: A Need for International Regulation。Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law，6，129。  new window
6.Kennedy, Kevin C.(2000)。Resolving international Sanitary and Phytosanitary Disputes in the WTO: Lessons and Future Directions。Food Drug L. J.，55，81。  new window
7.Kometiani K.(2000)。Trade and Environment: How Should WTO Panels Review Environmental Regulations Under GATT Article III and XX。Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business，16，441-477。  new window
8.Murphy, Sean D.(2001)。Biotechnology and International Law。Harvard International Law Journal，42，47。  new window
9.Nelkin, Dorothy、Sand, Philippe、Stewart, Richard B.(2000)。Genetically Modified Organisms: Fore ward: The International Challenge of Genetically Modified Organisms。New York University Environmental Law Journal，8，523。  new window
10.Neugebauer, R.(2000)。Fine-Tuning WTO Jurisprudence and the SPS Agreement: Lessons from the Beef Hormone Case。Law and Policy in International Business Law and Policy in International Business，31，1255。  new window
11.Stoll, Peter-Tobias(1999)。Controlling the Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms:The Cartagenta Protocol on Biosafety and the SJPS Agreement。Yearbook of International Environmental Law，82。  new window
12.Teel, Julie(2000)。Regulating Genetically Modified Products and Processes: An Overview of Approaches。New York University Environmental Law Journal，8，649。  new window
13.Voctor, David G.(2000)。The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization: An Assessment After Five Years。N, Y. U. J. Int'L & Pol.，32，865。  new window
14.Wagner, J. M.(2000)。Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) and Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS): The WTO's Interpretation of the SPS Agreement has Undermined the Right of Governments to Establish Appropriate Levels of Protection Against Risk。Law and Policy in International Business Law and Policy in International Business，31，855。  new window
15.Yavitz, Laura(2002)。The World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, European, Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos Containing Products。Minn. J. Global Trade，11，43。  new window
16.何建志(200004)。GMOs的法律問題與管制模式分析。應用倫理研究通訊，14，35-40。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.牛惠之(1999)。由涉及環境議題之GATT/WTO爭端解決小組報告論相關於環境之片面貿易措施之適用範圍與限制。經社法制論叢，23，163-198。  延伸查詢new window
18.牛惠之(2001)。WTO歐體石綿爭端之研究--技術性法規、同類產品與一般例外條款。進口救濟法制論叢，18，33-92。  延伸查詢new window
19.趙榮台(2001)。核？酸夏天ala8。世界地理，222，35-45。  延伸查詢new window
20.滕沛倫(2001)。StarLink 玉米流入食品釀成糾紛。生物科技與法律研究通訊，9，6。  延伸查詢new window
21.Thue-Vasquez, Diane(2000)。Genetic Engineering and Food Labeling: A Continuing Controversy。San Joaquin Agricultural Law Review，10，77。  new window
22.Report of the Working Party on Border Tax Adjustments。I. L. M.，35，274。  new window
會議論文
1.牛惠之(2002)。WTO之SPS協定v生物安全議定書--就預防原則與風險型態論衝突之不必然性。第二屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會，國立政治大學國際經貿組之國際法律研究中心主辦 (會議日期: 2002/04/13)，1-44。  延伸查詢new window
2.牛惠之(2001)。論開放生物科技運用所潛藏之社會衝擊與法律省思--以法律對於GMOs之保障與規範趨勢為例。第二屆基因科技之法律管制體系與社會衝擊研究學術研討會，國立台灣大學法律學系主辦 (會議日期: 2001/06/10)，1-32。  延伸查詢new window
3.李崇僖(2001)。生物安全議定書與WTO之衝突與調和。第二屆基因科技之法律管制體系與社會衝擊研究學術研討會，國立台灣大學法律學系主辦 (會議日期: 2001/06/10)，1-35。  延伸查詢new window
4.牛惠之、張孫福(2001)。論基因改良食品之風險與社會議題--一點法律人之觀察與省思。2001全國科技法律研討會。交通大學科技法律研究所。599-623。  延伸查詢new window
5.周桂田(20010421)。基因科技的風險與不確定性--以基因改造食品之本土化風險溝通為例。第八屆張昭鼎紀念研討會，(會議日期: 2001/04/21)，49-60。  延伸查詢new window
6.倪貴榮(2001)。從WTO荷爾蒙案論預防原則之適用與發展。第二屆基因科技之法律管制體系與社會衝擊研究學術研討會，國立台灣大學法律學系主辦 (會議日期: 2001/06/10)，1-13。  延伸查詢new window
7.蘇遠志(20000616)。國際基因轉殖產品相關法規之研究。基因轉殖生物相關議題研討會，國科會生命科學研究推動中心等主辦 (會議日期: 2000/06/16)，1-39。  延伸查詢new window
8.蘇遠志(20010115)。基因改造食品之管理與檢驗。第六次全國科學技術會議，(會議日期: 2001/01/15)。  延伸查詢new window
9.陳樹功(20000616)。基因改良食品之安全性及標示問題。基因轉殖生物相關議題研討會，國科會生命科學研究推動中心等主辦 (會議日期: 2000/06/16)，106。  延伸查詢new window
10.蔡宗珍(20010610)。基因科技安全管制法草案。第二屆基因科技之法律管制體系與社會衝擊研究學術研討會，國立台灣大學法律學系主辦 。  延伸查詢new window
11.廖啟成(20000610)。基因改良食品之安全性評估方式。基因轉殖生物相關議題研討會，國科會生命科學研究推動中心等主辦 114-145。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.(1999)。WTO Report of the Panel on US--Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products。  new window
2.(1999)。WTO Report of the Panel on US--Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products。  new window
3.(1999)。WTO Report of the Panel on Japan--Measures Affecting Agricultural Products。  new window
4.(1998)。WTO Report on the Panel (and Appellate Body) in EC Measures Concerning Meat and Products。  new window
5.(1998)。WTO Report on the Panel (and Appellate Body) in EC Measures Concerning Meat and Products。  new window
6.(1998)。WTO Report of the Panel(and Appellate Body) on Australia--Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon。  new window
7.(1998)。WTO Report of the Panel(and Appellate Body) on Australia--Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon。  new window
8.(1996)。WTO Reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body in Japan--Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, adopted on 1 November 1996。  new window
9.(1996)。WTO Reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body in Japan--Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, adopted on 1 November 1996。  new window
10.(1996)。WTO Reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body in Japan--Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, adopted on 1 November 1996。  new window
11.(1991)。Thailand-Restrictions on Importation of Internal Taxes on Cigarettes。  new window
12.(1990)。United States-Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930。  new window
13.(1988)。Japan-Customs Duties, Taxes and Labelling Practices on Imported Wines and Alcoholic Beverages。  new window
14.Report of the Working Party on Border Tax Adjustments。  new window
15.Report of the Working Party on Border Tax Adjustments。  new window
16.(1959)。Italian Discrimination Against Imported Agricultural Machinery。  new window
學位論文
1.陳彥傅(200106)。由基因改良食品之貿易規範分析生物安全議定書與世界貿易組織的潛在衝突(碩士論文)。東華大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.張孫福(200206)。基因改造食品關於標示要求之國際貿易議題之研究(碩士論文)。東吳大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Bruce, D.、Bruce, A.(1998)。Engineering Genesis。Earthscan。  new window
2.羅昌發(1999)。國際貿易法--世界貿易組織下之法律新秩序--國際經貿法研究。元照出版公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Caplan, A.(2001)。If Ethics Won’t Work Here, Where?。The Human Cloning Debate。  new window
2.Jenkins, L.(199406)。An Environmental and Animal Protection Perspective on the Use of PPMs。OECD NGO Consultation。  new window
3.Thaggert, H. L.(1994)。A Closer Look at the Tuna-Dolphirt Case: fLike Products and Exterurisdictionality in the Trade and Environment Context。Trade and Environment: The Search for Balance。  new window
4.黃立(2001)。從歐體有關基因轉植食品之規範評論『論WTO架構下基因改良食品標示之貿易法問題』一文。台灣在WTO規範下之經貿新頁。元照出版。  延伸查詢new window
5.徐源泰(2001)。生物安全議定書與其影響。台灣在WTO規範下之經貿新頁。元照出版。  延伸查詢new window
6.林彩瑜(2001)。論WTO架構下基因改良食品標示之貿易法問題。台灣在WTO規範下之經貿新頁。元照出版。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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