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題名:
分離效應存在嗎?資產可比較性對風險決策之影響
書刊名:
中華心理學刊
作者:
邱耀初
作者(外文):
Chiu, Yao-chu
出版日期:
2003
卷期:
45:2
頁次:
頁155-170
主題關鍵詞:
資產可比較性
;
分離效應
;
相對資產
;
損失容忍性
;
風險決策
;
Asset comparability
;
Isolation effects
;
Prospect theory
;
Relative asset
;
Loss tolerance
原始連結:
連回原系統網址
相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
2
) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:
1
共同引用:
7
點閱:24
Kahneman and Tversky (1979, 2000) argued that that influences a decision most are not the final asset but the change of wealth. According to their interpretation, in most cases it is the status quo, rather than the final asset, that serves as the reference point. The isolation effect (IE) occurs as a consequence of information about the asset being isolated from the current situations. Kahneman and Tversky further highlights the importance of the classification of current decision outcomes; when the outcomes are classified as “positive (for example, gains)”, decision makers tend to be risk-averse. They become risk-seeking when decision outcomes are classified as “negative (for example, losses)”. This article, however, contends that the cause of this differentiated attitude is actually the comparability of the comparability of the asset. Since isolation arises because subjects oftentimes are not able to classify asset information in choice situations. Distinction between the relative asset and the absolute asset is then made; asset in the presence of compared stimulus is relative, rather than absolute. Traditional IE experiments present no compared stimulus rendering the asset absolute, as a result the asset can have no impacts on the choice, hence the isolation effects. In the case of compared stimulus which makes asset relative, information about the asset can be classified into meaningful categories such as “less” or “more”, which then proceeds to impact the choice. Two experiments reported in this article have been designed to examine asset comparability. Experiment one uses absolute asset as the control condition (separation tasks), and in the experimental condition comparative information is provided (joint tasks). The separation task presents information about one asset. However in the joint task, information about several assets is presented simultaneously (for example, both NT $1,000 and NT $2,000 are introduced). Results show that although the given asset for both tasks is the same, only in the joint task condition could one classify the given asset as “less” or “more”. In experiment two, the asset is given in classified terms such as “poor” or “rich”. Subjects are predicted to take into consideration such classification and demonstrate risk-averse attitude when the asset is classified as “less’ or “poor”, while they become risk-seeking when the asset is classified as “more” or “rich”. The isolation effect is observed in the separation task condition in experiment one, which replicates the Kahneman and Tversky finding. However isolation effect was not found in the joint task conditions for both Experiment one and Experiment two. Instead, when the asset has been classified as “more” or “rich”, subjects showed risk-seeking or neutral attitude, whereas risk-averse or neutral attitude was observed when the asset was classified as “less” or “poor”. This result is inconsistent with the findings of traditional IE studies, yet in general supports the conception of asset comparability. Findings of this article suggest that Isolation Effect is an exception rather than a norm in decision situation, that is, the isolation effect stands fast only in cases of absolute asset where compared stimulus is not available.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Kahneman, Daniel、Tversky, Amos(1982)。The Psychology of Preferences。Scientific American,246(1),160-173。
2.
Markowitz, Harry(1952)。The Utility of Wealth。Journal of Political Economy,60(2),151-158。
3.
Wang, X. T.(1996)。Framing effects: dynamics and task domains。Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,68(2),145-157。
4.
Levin, Irwin P.、Schneider, Sandra L.、Gaeth, Gary J.(1998)。All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology And Critical Analysis of Framing Effects。Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,76(2),149-188。
5.
邱耀初(20030600)。框架效應存在嗎?籌碼效應對風險決策之影響。中華心理學刊,45(2),171-182。
延伸查詢
6.
Kahneman, D.、Tversky, A.(1979)。Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk。Econometrica,47(2),263-291。
7.
Bernoulli, D.(1954)。Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk。Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society,22(1),23-36。
8.
Friedman, M.、Savage, L. J.(1948)。The Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk。Journal of Political Economy,56(4),279-304。
9.
Kahneman, Daniel、Tversky, Amos(1984)。Choices, values, and frames。American Psychologist,39(4),341-350。
10.
Tversky, Amos、Kahneman, Daniel(1981)。The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice。Science,211(4481),453-458。
11.
Barsky, R. B.、Juster, F. Thomas、Kimball, M. S.、Shapiro, M. D.(1997)。Preference Parameters and Behavioral Heterogeneity: An Experimental Approach in the Health and Retirement Study。The Quarterly Journal of Economics,112(2),537-579。
12.
Hanna, S.、Chen, Peng(1997)。Subjective and objective risk tolerance: Implications for optimal portfolios。Financial Counseling and Planning,8,17-26。
13.
Hsee, C.(1996)。The evaluability principle: An explanation for preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of alternatives。Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,67,247-257。
14.
Kahneman, D.(1994)。New challenges to the rationality assumption。Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,150,18-36。
15.
Laibson, D.、Zeckhauser, R.(1998)。Amos Tversky and the ascent of behavioral economics。Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,16(1),7-47。
16.
Roszkowski, M. J.、Snelbecker, G. E.(1990)。Effects of 'framing' on measures of risk tolerance: financial planners are not immune。The Journal of Behavioral Economics,19,237-246。
17.
Solnick, S. J.、Hemenway, D.(1998)。Is more always better?: A survey on positional concerns。Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,37(3),373-383。
學位論文
1.
王少玲(1992)。資產值與賭局型態的分類對風險選擇行為之影響,沒有紀錄。
延伸查詢
2.
邱耀初(1991)。風險性與參照點對風險下決策行為之影響,沒有紀錄。
延伸查詢
圖書
1.
Hegel, Wilhelm F.、Haldane, E.S.(1999)。Lectures on the history of philosophy。Haldane, Bristol:Thoemmes Press。
2.
Bresnan, B.、Gelb, E.(1999)。Getting Started in Asset Allocation。沒有紀錄:John Wiley & Sons Inc.。
3.
Bernstein, Peter L.(1996)。Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk。New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc。
4.
Kahneman, Daniel、Amos Tversky.(2000)。Choices, Values, and Frames。Cambridge University Press。
5.
Helson, Harry(1964)。Adaptation-Level Theory: An Experimental and Systematic Approach to Behavior。New York:Harper and Row。
6.
Duesenberry, James S.(1949)。Income, saving, and the theory of consumer behavior。Harvard University Press。
7.
Von Neumann, John、Morgenstern, Oskar(1947)。Theory of Games and Economic Behavior。Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press。
8.
Aristotle(1941)。Categories。Categories。New York, NY。
9.
Belsky, G.、Gilovich, T.(1999)。Why smart people make big money mistakes--and how to correct them: Lessons from the new science of behavioral economics。New York, NY:Simon and Schuster。
10.
Frank, Robert H.(1985)。Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status。Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status。New York, NY。
11.
(1982)。The Encyclopedia of management。The Encyclopedia of management。New York, NY。
12.
Malkiel, B. G.(1990)。A random walk down Wall Street。A random walk down Wall Street。New York, NY。
13.
Mansfield, E.(1996)。Managerial economics: Theory, applications, and cases。Managerial economics: Theory, applications, and cases。New York, NY。
14.
Sharpe, W. F.(1990)。Investor wealth measures and expected return。Quantifying the market risk premium phenomenon for investment decision making。Charlottesville, VA。
15.
(1994)。Encyclopedia of Banking & Finance。Encyclopedia of Banking & Finance。Chicago, IL。
圖書論文
1.
Tversky, Amos、Kahneman, Daniel(1987)。Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions。Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and Psychology。University of Chicago press。
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