The author makes new inquires into the Shang kinship systems here, as the published a series of papers before with regard to the Shang descent, inheritance, marriage, lineage organizations, ancestral temples as well as to the father and son relationship in the Shang dynasty. The first problem the author has to deal with is the polysemous phenomenon of the Shang inscription niu, which was used to denote both mother (母 mu) and daughter (女 niu). He elucidates the process of phonological and etymological changes of niu and explains how the inscription mu derived from niu. He also points out that during the Shang dynasty niu like tze (子 son) was classificatory when used as a kinship appellation, and that when niu was not used as a kinship terminology, it meant “female” or “feminine”. Niu could also feminize the word by using it as the word's side radical. Because Shang people were usually called by the place name of one's residence, and when the character niu was added to such a place name as its side radical, it indicated that the name bearer was a female. These feminized names were the predecessors of ancient Chinese hsing (姓). By studynig the different types of suffix and prefix of mu, the author points out that Shang people used ssu (司), ta (大), chung (中), hsiao (小) etc. to distinguish mu's ranks in their families, as they were polygamous. Usually a Shang mu would carry both her father's family name and her husbanad's name to show where she came from and where she went to. Her name revealed her position in the society of that time. During the late Shang period, not only husband's name but also husband's father's family name might appear together in a mu's name. This type of naming system helped to form the practice of carrying hsing by women and shih (氏) by men in the Chou times. Finally, the author points out that during the Shang dynasty only two celestial stems were used to name female ancestors' temples. Perhaps, it had certain connection with the binary phenomenon of Shang kings' posthumous names and with the Shang fu-ku (祔姑 deceased daughter-in-law's tablet placed into deceased mother-in-law's temple) tradition.