The central part of social security system in Taiwan is social insurance programs, including Labors Insurance (1950), Public Employees Insurance (1958), Farmers Health Insurance (1985) and National Health Insurance (1995). But there are social equality problems among those programs. The farmers in Taiwan have been facing the severest condition. The main goal of this article is to discuss Sugar Cane Farmers Insurance, the first social insurance program for farmers in Taiwan, from historical perspective. This article begins with an overview of the sugar industry in Taiwan, the role of sugar cane farmers in the industry and the relationship between sugar cane farmers and the capital. Second, it discusses the development and the historical position of Sugar Cane Farmers Insurance. And finally, it makes comparison between the two social insurance programs for farmers in Taiwan, Sugar Cane Farmers Insurance and Farmers Health Insurance.