A Re-Examination of L1 Transfer in the Acquisition of Relative Clauses__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	A Re-Examination of L1 Transfer in the Acquisition of Relative Clauses
書刊名：	北商學報
作者：	高士凡
作者(外文)：	Kao, Shih-fan
出版日期：	2005
卷期：	8
頁次：	頁93-111
主題關鍵詞：	第一語言轉移；第二語言習得；對比分析；語言普遍性；關係子句；L1 transfer；Second language acquisition；Contrastive analysis；Languate universals；Relative clauses
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:42

過去的研究指出：第一語言轉移對學習第二語言有很大的影響，包括關係子句的形成。近來的研究卻顯示，單以第一語言的句法轉移來解釋關係子句的習得有其侷促性；取而代之的是由Keenan和Comrie在1977年提出的可接近性層系假設；語言普遍性才是學習關係子句的關鍵。為了再探討第一語言轉移和可接近性層系假設的關係，本研究採用Gass的研究方法，並重新測試她的研究結果。研究結果和之前的發現大致相同：單一因素的方法並不足以解釋學習第二語言者在關係子句的習得。研究者所需的是多因素方法，例如語言普遍性、第一語言和標的語言的個別因素、及學習者的個別差異。本文最後亦提供研究啟示及未來相關研究的建議。

以文找文

Traditionally, studies on second language acquisition showed that there has been considerable influence from first language (L1) transfer in second language (L2) acquisition, including relative clause formation. However, recent studies have shown that the syntactic transfer of L1 is significantly limited in terms of explaining the strategies for forming English relative clauses; instead, the Accessibility Hieracrchy (AH) hypothesis, initially proposed by Keenan and Comrie (1977), is thought to play a universal and leading role in the acquisition of relative clauses. In order to probe the relation of L1 transfer to the AH hypothesis, this study adopted Gass’s (1979a, 1979b, 1980) research tasks, including sentence combining, grammaticality judgments, and free compositions; her findings were also re-tested. More specifically, this study aimed at gaining a better understanding ofL1 transfer and language universals in the acquisition of relative clauses. Mostly consistent with previous studies, the findings suggested that a uni-factor approach (Gass, 1979a, 1979b, 1980) is 9inadequate in explaining the acquisition of English relative clauses by L2 learners. What we needs is a multi-factor approach, including language universal factors, specific facts about the learner’s L1 and the target language, and individual variations 9such as confidence, writing style, other affective variables, etc.). However, it is difficult to judge which factor played the leading role in this study due to the small sample data. In the end, implications and suggestions for further studies were also presented.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Hulstijn, J. H.、Marchena, E.(1989)。Avoidance: Grammatical or semantic causes?。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，11(3)，241-255。
2.	Kleinmann, H.(1977)。Avoidance behavior in adult second language acquisition。Language Learning，27，93-108。
3.	Gass, Susan M.(1979)。Language transfer and universal grammatical relations。Language Learning，29(2)，327-344。
4.	Laufer, B.、Eliasson, S.(1993)。What causes avoidance in L2 learning: L1-L2 difference, L1-L2 similarity, or L2 complexity?。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，15(1)，35-48。
5.	Cook, Vivian J.(1973)。The comparison of language development in native children and foreign adults。IRAL，11(1-4)，13-28。
6.	Chan, A. Y. W.、Kwan, B. S. C.、Li, D. C. S.(2002)。An algorithmic approach to error correction: Correcting three common errors at different levels。JALT Journal，24，201-216。
7.	Dulay, H.、Burt, M.(1974)。Errors and strategies in child second language acquisition。TESOL Quarterly，8，129-136。
8.	Kellerman, E.(1995)。Crosslinguistic influence: Transfer to nowhere。Annual Review of Applied Linguistics，15，125-150。
9.	Keenan, E. L.、Comrie, B.(1977)。Noun Phrase accessibility a universal grammar。Linguistic Inquiry，8，63-100。
10.	Chan, A. Y. W.(2004)。Syntactic transfer: evidence from the interlanguage of Hong Kong Chinese ESL learners。The Modern Language Journal，88(1)，56-74。
11.	Dagut, M.、Laufer, B.(1985)。Avoidance of phrasal verbs: A case for contrastive analysis。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，7(1)，73-79。
12.	Schachter, Jacquelyn(1974)。An error in error analysis。Language Learning，24(2)，205-214。
13.	Eckman, F.、Bell, L.、Nelson, D.(1988)。On the generalization of relative clause construction in the acquisition of English as a second language。Applied Linguistics，9，1-20。
14.	Dulay, Heidi C.、Burt, Marina K.(1974)。Natural sequences in child second language acquisition。Language Learning，24，37-53。
15.	Gass, Susan M.(1989)。Language Universals and Second-Language Acquisition。Language Learning，39(4)，497-534。

會議論文
1.	Ioup, G.、Kruse, A.(1977)。Interference versus structural complexity in second language acquisition: Language universals as a basis for natural sequencing。11th annual convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages。Miami, Florida。

學位論文
1.	Gass, S.(1979)。An investigate of syntactic transfer in adult second language acquisition(博士論文)。Indiana University, Bloomington。

圖書
1.	Larsen-Freeman, D.、Long, M.(1991)。An instruction to second language acquisition research。London：Longman。
2.	Richards, J. C.、Schmidt, R.(2002)。Dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics。London：Longman。
3.	Chomsky, Noam(1975)。Reflections on Language。New York：Pantheon Books。
4.	George, H. V.(1972)。Common Errors in Language Learning Insights from English。Rowley, MA：Newbury House。
5.	Gass, S. M.、Seliuker, L.(2001)。Second language acquisition: An introductory course。Mahwah, NJ：Lawrence Eribaum Associates。
6.	Dulay, H.、Burt, M.、Krashen, S. D.(1992)。Language two。New York：Oxford, England：Oxford University Press。
7.	(2003)。Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary。Springfield, MA：Merriam-Webster。
8.	Chomsky, N.(1968)。Language and mind。New York, NY：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich。
9.	Ellis, Rod(1994)。The Study of Second Language Acquisition。Oxford University Press。
10.	Ellis, Rod(1997)。Second Language Acquisition。Oxford University Press。
11.	Corder, Stephen P.(1974)。Introducing Applied Linguistics。Harmondsworth：Penguin。

圖書論文
1.	Gass, Susan(1982)。From theory to practice。On TESOL '81。Washington, DC：Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages。
2.	Richards, J. C.(1974)。A non-contrastive approach to error analysis。Error Analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition。London：Longman。
3.	Spada, N.、Lightbown, P. M.(2002)。Second language acquisition。An introduction to applied linguistics。New York, NY：Oxford University Press。
4.	Zobl, H.(1985)。Grammars in search or input and intake。Input in second language acquisition。Rowley, MA：Newbury House。
5.	Gass, S.(1980)。An investigation of syntactic transfer in adult second language learners。Research in second language acquisition。Rowley, Mass.：Newbury House Publishers, Inc.。
6.	Keenan, Edward L.(1975)。Variation in universal grammar。Analyzing variation in language。Washington, D.C.：Georgetown University Press。
7.	Doughty, Catherine(2004)。Effects of instruction on learning a second language: a critique of instructed SLA research。Form-Meaning Connections in Second Language Acquisition。Mahwah：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。

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