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題名：目標難度、工作難度與回饋方式對花式撞球學習表現與內在動機之影響
書刊名：輔仁大學體育學刊
作者：何若湯
作者(外文)：Ho, Jo-tang
出版日期：2005
卷期：4
頁次：頁14-30
主題關鍵詞：花式撞球；目標難度；工作難度；回饋方式；內在動機；Goal difficulty；Task difficulty；Feedback type；Pool；Intrinsic motivation
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本研究之目的在探討不同之目標難度（困難、容易、無）、工作難度（困難、容易）與回饋方式（有、無）對大學生花式撞球運動的學習表現與內在動機的影響，以清雲科大144位選修花式撞球的學生為受試者，並以隨機分派方式將受試者分派到12個實驗組，於2×2×3的組間中進行花式撞球的學習工作。研究者以修編後的內在動機量表，檢核受試者之內在動機。所得資料經統計分析後，其結果為：一、在學習表現的影響方面：三個主要效果差異均達顯著水準。（一）困難目標和容易目標組的學習表現優於無目標組。（二）容易工作組優於困難工作組。（三）有回饋組優於無回饋組。二、在內在動機的影響方面：（一）在主要效果中，目標難度及回饋方式差異達顯著水準。1.容易目標組優於困難目標組，而困難目標組又優於無目標組。2.有回饋組優於無回饋組。（二）三者有交互作用達顯著水準，經單純效果、單純主要效果及事後比較分析發現：1.在困難工作時，不論有無回饋，容易目標組的內在動機顯著優於困難及無目標組。2.在有回饋×困難或無目標組時，容易工作組的內在動機優於困難工作組達顯著水準。3.在容易工作×無目標及在困難工作×容易目標時，有回饋組受試者的內在動機優於無回饋組。依本研究的結果，對體育教學、教練訓練選手上，以及對未來相關研究的方向與改進之處提出數項建議。
The purposes of this study were to explore the influences and interactions of different goal difficulty (difficult, easy, none), task difficulty (difficult, easy), and feedback type (positive, none) on collegiate students’ pool performance and intrinsic motivation. The subjects were 144 students joining pool basic class of Ching yun University and randomly assigned to twelve different conditions. The experiment was 2×2×3 designed and pool Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was administered. The results were as follows: three main effect was significant in the pool performance. Difficult goal and easy goal were better than none goal. Easy task was better than difficult task. Positive feedback was better than none feedback. Goal difficulty and feedback type were significant in the pool intrinsic motivation. Easy goal was better than difficult goal and difficult goal was better than none goal. Besides, positive feedback was better than none feedback. The interactions were significant in task difficulty × feedback type × goal difficulty. Simple effect, simple main effect, and post hoc comparison were utilized for data analysis. 1. In the difficult goal, either feedback or not, the intrinsic motivation of easy goal was better than difficult goal and none goal. 2. In the positive feedback × difficult goal or positive feedback × none goal, the intrinsic motivation of easy goal was better than difficult goal. 3. In the easy task × none goal and difficult task × easy goal, the intrinsic motivation of positive feedback was better than none feedback.
期刊論文
1.林錫波(20030600)。目標難度與獎賞方式對壘球學習表現與內在動機的影響。大專體育學刊，5(1)，127-138。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Burton, D.(1989)。The impact of goal specificity and task complexity on basketball skill development。The Sport Psychologist，3，34-47。  new window
3.姚璠(20010900)。目標難度、工作難度與回饋方式對國小學童排球發球表現與內在動機之影響。體育學報，31，137-148。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Wood, R. E.、Mento, A. J.、Locke, E. A.(1987)。Task complexity as a moderator of goal effect: A meta-analysis。Journal of Applied Psychology，72，416-425。  new window
5.Whitehead, J. R.、Corbin, C. B.(1991)。Youth fitness testing: The effect of percentile-based evaluative feedback on intrinsic motivation。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，62(2)，255-231。  new window
6.Weinberg, R.、Bruya, L.、Jackson, A.(1985)。The effects of goal proximity and goal specificity on endurance performance。Journal of Sport Psychology，7(3)，296-305。  new window
7.Weinbery, R.(1992)。Goal-setting and motor performance: A review and critique。Motivation in Sport and Exercise，2，177-198。  new window
8.Erez, M.、Zidon, I.(1984)。On the causal effects of goal acceptance on the relationship of goal difficulty to performance。Journal of Applied Psychology，69，69-78。  new window
9.Locke, E. A.、Chan, D. O.、Harrison, S.、Lustgarten, N.(1989)。Separating the effects of goal specificity from goal level。Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes，43，270-287。  new window
10.柯竺村(19960600)。目標取向與外在獎賞對高工學生足球射十二碼之內在動機的影響。國立體育學院論叢，6(2)，215-233。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.McAuley, E.、Tammen, V. V.、Duncan, T. E.(1989)。Psychometric properties for the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis。Research Quarterly of Exercise and Sport，60(1)，48-58。  new window
12.Vallerand, R. J.、Reid, G.(1984)。On the Causal Effects of Perceived Competence on Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Cognitive Evaluation Theory。Journal of Sport Psychology，6(1)，94-102。  new window
13.Miller, J. T.、McAuley, E.(1987)。Effects of a Goal-Setting training Program on Basketball Free-Throw Self-Efficacy and Performance。The Sport Psychologist，1(2)，103-113。  new window
14.Vallerand, R. J.(1983)。The effect of differential amounts of positive verbal feedback on the intrinsic motivation of male hockey players。Journal of Sport Psychology，5，100-107。  new window
15.陳國源(19931000)。設定目標難度、獲悉結果、工作難度對籃下投籃準確性的影響。體育與運動，87，66-69。  延伸查詢new window
16.王宗騰、劉一民、黃振興(19930700)。不同年齡兒童滾球出手型態與目標設定對滾球擲準成績表現的影響。體育學報，15，303-318。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.Nicholls, John G.(1984)。Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance。Psychological Review，91(3)，328-346。  new window
18.Locke, E. A.、Shaw, K. N.、Saari, L. M.、Latham, G. P.(1981)。Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980。Psychological Bulletin，90(1)，125-152。  new window
19.Locke, Edwin A.(1968)。Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives。Organizational Behavior and Human Performance，3(2)，157-189。  new window
會議論文
1.蔡秋豪、鍾保明(1996)。目標難度及成就動機對大仁藥專學生排球傳球表現之影響。中華民國大專院校八十五年度體育學術研討會。台北市：文化大學。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.王澤惠(1993)。工作--目標屬性、心理變項與運動表現關係之研究(碩士論文)。國立體育學院。  延伸查詢new window
2.周文祥(1990)。目標難度、獲悉結果、工作難度對高爾夫球推桿表現的影響(碩士論文)。國立體育學院。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Burton, D.(1982)。Goal setting training manual for collegiate swimmers。Urbana-Champaign：University of Illinois。  new window
2.王俊明(1995)。大學生之成就動機、目標接受及目標難度對射飛鏢之工作表現、內在動機及選擇策略的影響。臺北市：師大書苑有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Nicholls, J. G.(1984)。Conceptions of ability and achievement motivatio。Research on motivation in education: Student motivation。New York：Academic Press。  new window
2.Deci, E. L.、Ryan, R. M.(1980)。The empirical exploration of intrinsically motivated processes。Advances in experimental social psychology。New York：Academic Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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