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題名：論信用狀單據審查的實質與程序要件--以Voest-Alpine Trading USA Corp. v. Bank of China為例
書刊名：東吳法律學報
作者：康蕙芬
作者(外文)：Kang, Hui-fen
出版日期：2005
卷期：17:2
頁次：頁297-350
主題關鍵詞：嚴格一致；實質一致；拒付通知；信用狀統一慣例；美國統一商法；國際擔保函慣例；Strict compliance；Substantial compliance；Notice of dishonor；UCP500；UCC 5；ISP98
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信用狀交易的特性之一即「憑單據付款」，銀行應否付款的關鍵在於，受益人所提示的單據在表面文義上是否與信用狀的規定相符。不過，單據的文字記載究應如何才算與信用狀相符，各國際慣例均缺乏明確具體的標準，實務上，除了國際間長久以來所奉行的審單標準---「嚴格一致原則」之外，也發展出其他的標準，例如實質一致標準、雙重標準等，各國銀行與法院往往依據其本國商業環境、法律規定、類似判例與個案情況等因素決定所適用的標準。 本文以美國法院近年一宗判例出發，探討國際信用狀審單標準的演進，以及各國際慣例的規定，同時分析我國相關案例所採認的標準，進而提出結論：與其鉅細靡遺的訂定缺乏彈性的制式標準，不如採用實務導向的簡要標準，例如「考量整體單據」、「遵循國際標準銀行實務」與「明顯的繕打錯誤不構成瑕疵」等，以充分發揮信用狀應有的彈性與效能。 除實質面之外，本文同時就程序面探討銀行審查單據應遵循的規範，尤其是銀行行使拒付權利時應符合的相關慣例規定。為避免爭議，本文認為程序面的規定不同於對審單標準的要求，應儘可能明確、具體且完整，加強對銀行的形式約束，以調和各方當事人的權利義務。
Strict compliance, coupled with the autonomy principle, represent the major principles of letter of credit law. Since its formulation, strict compliance has provided the yardstick for determining whether or not the beneficiary has complied with the terms of the letter of credit. In today’s global marketplace, the application of the doctrine can lead to results that would, on many occasions, be regarded as both unfair and unsound. In response, the business world, aided in some instances by the court system, has pursued the following avenues to counteract certain unfavorable consequences of strict compliance: (1) the letter of credit documents are to be viewed as a whole; (2) obvious misprints and meaningless trivialities are to be dismissed; (3) compliance of documents is to be determined by international standard banking practice; (4) discrepancies unstated in a rejection notice are to be treated as waived. On the other hand, if failing to act in according with the requirements for communicating notice of dishonor, that is, timely, sufficiently specific and appropriately dispatch notice of rejection, the issuing bank shall be precluded from claiming that the documents are not in compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit. The procedural rules surrounding dishonor of presentation also temper the effect of the rule of strict compliance. In the analysis of Voest-Alpine Trading USA Corporation v. Bank of China, has proved that it is a debatable case correctly decided. The court’s reference to standard international practice as expressed in interpretation of the UCP (for example, the Decisions of the ICC Banking Commission) for principles by which to access the several alleged discrepancies in the documents is a proper application of the letter of credit standard of compliance established in UCP Art. 13. The court’s conclusion that the Aug. 11 Telex was not a notice refusal also is in full accord with UCP Art. 14 and international standard letter of credit practice.
期刊論文
1.余森林(2001)。ISP 98與UCP 500簡要比較。臺灣經濟金融月刊，37(7)，59-65。  延伸查詢new window
2.黃亞英(2004)。析銀行處理信用證單據的法律規則及案例。政治與法律，1，71-76。  延伸查詢new window
3.黃亞英、李薇薇(2000)。論信用證交易中嚴格相符的條件。政法論壇，4，121-125。  延伸查詢new window
4.陳錦隆(1998)。信用狀單據之「嚴格相符」原則，最高法院八十五年臺上字第二七八八號判決評釋。寰瀛法訊，創刊號，11-16。  延伸查詢new window
5.楊安和、余森林(2005)。國際商會信用狀糾紛解決專家意見規則（DOCDEX）決議之研究。臺灣經濟金融月刊，41(4)，43-64。  延伸查詢new window
6.劉鶴田(2001)。試析美國統一商法典信用狀新篇的主要內容。臺灣經濟金融月刊，37(1)，52-61。  延伸查詢new window
7.Dolan, John F.(1985)。Strict Compliance with Letters of Credit: Striking A Fair Balance。Banking Law Journal，102，18-32。  new window
8.Givray, Albert J.(1990)。Letters of Credit。Business Lawyer，45，2381-2460。  new window
9.Doub, James C.、Gabriel, Henry D.、Chapman, Cornelius J., Jr.、Givray, Albert J.、Wunnicke, Brooke、Hisert, George A.、Luttrell, Robert J. III(1991)。Letters of Credit。Business Lawyer，46，1581-1696。  new window
10.Chapman, Cornelius J., Jr.、Doub, James C.、Wunnicke, Brooke、Soshuk, Janis Penton、Hisert, George A.、Gabriel, Henry D.、Brandt, Michael J.、Givray, Albert J.、Brody, Mary P.(1992)。Letters of Credit。Business Lawyer，47，1571-1588。  new window
11.Kozolchyk, Boris(1990)。Strict Compliance and the Reasonable Document Checker。Brooklyn Law Review，56，45-80。  new window
12.Kozolchyk, Boris(1982)。The Emerging Law of Standby Letter of Credit and Bank Guarantees。Arizona Law Review，24，319-370。  new window
13.Nathan, Bruce S.(2004)。Standby Letters of Credit and the Strict Compliance Standard: The Case of the Overstated Sight Draft。Business Credit，106(9)，36-38。  new window
14.Nathan, Bruce S.(1999)。Letters of Credit: When Issuing Bank's Results in Payment against Nonconfirming Documents。Business Credit，101(9)，14-16。  new window
15.Hotchkiss, Carolyn(1991)。Strict Compliance in Letter-of-credit Law: How Uniform Is the Uniform Commercial Code。Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal，23，288-301。  new window
16.Vethan, Charles M. R.(1994)。The Sacred Cow of Equity and Compliance in Letter of Credit Law: Recent Trends and Projections。International Legal Perspectives，6，45-46。  new window
17.Lee, Dallas W.(1996)。Letter of Credit: What Does Revised Article 5 Have to Offer to Issuers, Applicants, and Beneficiaries?。Commercial Law Journal，103(3)，234-262。  new window
18.Murphy, Ewell E., Jr.(2002)。Coming to Grips with Globalization。Currents: International Trade Law Journal，11，3-3。  new window
19.Arthur, Fama, Jr.(1985)。Note, Letter of Credit: The Role of Issuer Discretion in Determining Documentary Compliance。Fordham Law Review，53，1519-1540。  new window
20.McLaughlin, G. T.(1989)。On the Periphery of Letter of Credit Law: Softening the Rights of Strict Compliance。Banking Law Journal，106，4-41。  new window
21.Erdemol, Haluk(2005)。Making the New UCP Trader Friendly。Documentary Credit Insight，11(3)，20-22。  new window
22.Byrne, James E.(2005)。Overview of Letter of Credit Law & Practice in 2004。Documentary Credit World，21-27。  new window
23.Byrne, James E.、Barnes, James G.(1993)。Letters of Credit。Business Lawyer，48，1635-1644。  new window
24.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.(1994)。Letters of Credit。Business Lawyer，49，1907-1917。  new window
25.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.(1995)。Letters of Credit。Business Lawyer，50，1517-1350。  new window
26.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.(1996)。Letters of Credit: 1995 Cases。Business Lawyer，51，1416-1425。  new window
27.Byrne, James E.、Barnes, James G.(1997)。Letters of Credit: 1996 Cases。Business Lawyer，52，1547-1564。  new window
28.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.(1999)。Letters of Credit: 1998 Cases。Business Lawyer，54，1885-1910。  new window
29.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.(2000)。Letters of Credit: 1999 Cases。Business Lawyer，55，2005-2014。  new window
30.Byrne, James E.、Barnes, James G.(2001)。Letters of Credit: 2000 Cases。Business Lawyer，56，1805-1814。  new window
31.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.(2002)。Letters of Credit: 2001 Cases。Business Lawyer，57，1725-1732。  new window
32.Byrne, James E.、Barnes, James G.(2003)。Letters of Credit: 2002 Cases。Business Lawyer，58，1605-1612。  new window
33.Byrne, James E.、Barnes, James G.(2004)。Letters of Credit: 2003 Cases。Business Lawyer，59，1619-1628。  new window
34.Dolan, John F.(2005)。Another View of Notice "Without Delay", Disposal and Preclusion。Documentary Credit Insight，11(2)，18-20。  new window
35.Gustavus, Joseph D.(1997)。Letter of Credit Compliance under Revised UCC Article 5 and UCP500。Banking Law Journal，114，55-71。  new window
36.Christensen, Kim(2005)。Reasonable Refusals。Documentary Credit Insight，11(1)，14-16。  new window
37.Roane, Kyle(2004)。Hanil Bank v. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero): Continuing the Quandary of Documentary Compliance under International Letters of Credit。Houston Law Review，41(3)，1053-1089。  new window
38.Bacon, Laurence A. J.(2005)。Some Key Issues in the UCP Revision。Documentary Credit Insight，11(1)，5-6。  new window
39.Mercatoria, Lex(2000)。Strict Compliance: What Is Reasonable?。Documentary Credit World，46-46。  new window
40.Jian, Li(2002)。Following International Practice to Standardize LC Cases - A Review of LC Cases Decided by the Supreme People's Curt。Documentary Credit World，42-54。  new window
41.Moses, Margaret L.(2003)。The Irony of International Letters of Credit: They Aren't Secure, But They (Usually) Work。Banking Law Journal，120，479-496。  new window
42.Ford, Mark(2005)。What Traders Expect from the New UCP。Documentary Credit Insight，11(1)，22-23。  new window
43.Mayer, Donald O.、Blodgett, Mark S.(1998)。International Letters of Credit: Arbitral Alternatives to Litigating Fraud。American Business Law Journal，35，443-467。  new window
44.Grassi, Paolo S.(1995)。Letter of Credit Transactions: The Banks' Position in Determining Documentary Compliance. A Comparative Evaluation under U.S. Swiss and German Law。Pace International Law Review，7，81-128。  new window
45.Turner, Paul S.(2003)。Letters of Credit - A Primer for the Business Law Practitioner。Californai Business Law Practitoner，2。  new window
46.Rattner, Steven C.(1985)。Comments, Letters of Credit: A Return to the Historical Documentary Compliance Standard。University of Pittsburgh Law Review，46，457-485。  new window
47.Rendell, Robert S.(1993)。New ICC Rules Impact Letter of Credit (Part I)。International Financial Law Review，12(10)，28-30。  new window
48.Rendell, Robert S.(1993)。New ICC Rules Impact Letter of Credit (Part II)。International Financial Law Review，12(11)，33-35。  new window
49.Resenblith, R. M.(1988)。Current Developments in Letter-of-credit Law。Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal，21，170-182。  new window
50.Buckley, Ross P.(1994)。The 1993 Revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits。George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics，28，265-313。  new window
51.Conley, Todd(2004)。The Readers Speak, Goods Description: "Correspond" or "Inconsistency"? Part 1。Documentary Credit World，8-11。  new window
52.Conley, Todd(2004)。The Readers Speak, Goods Description: "Correspond" or "Inconsistency"? Part 2。Documentary Credit World，10-13。  new window
53.Conley, Todd(2004)。The Readers Speak, Goods Description: "Correspond" or "Inconsistency"? Part 3。Documentary Credit World，9-11。  new window
54.Moses, Margaret L.(2005)。Revised Article 5 to UCC。New Jersey Law Journal。  new window
會議論文
1.Rourke, P. C.、Reinert, Bernard A.、Emeish, Issa K.、Weishaar, Aaron G.、Reinert, P. C.(2002)。Letters of Credit: What Are They, and What Do I Do with One? An Overview, 9。0。  new window
圖書
1.倪成彬(1993)。信用狀統一慣例UCP500註釋。信用狀統一慣例UCP500註釋。臺北市：財團法人金融研訓中心。  延伸查詢new window
2.D'arcy, Leo、Cleave, Barbara、Murray, Carole、Schmitthoff, Clive M.(2000)。Schmitthoff's Export Trade: The Law and Practice of International Trade。London：Sweet & Maxwell。  new window
3.Collyer, Gary(2000)。Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission, 1998-1999, Queries & Responses on UCP 500, 400, URC 522, ICC Publication No. 613。Paris, France。  new window
4.Byrne, James E.(2000)。ISP98 & UCP500 Compared。USA：Institute of International Banking Law & Practice/ George Mason University School of Law。  new window
5.Collyer, Gary(1997)。Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission, 1995-1996, ICC Publication No. 565。Paris, France。  new window
6.進口外匯業務編撰委會(2005)。進口外匯業務。進口外匯業務。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
7.金賽波(2003)。信用證法律。信用證法律。北京市。  延伸查詢new window
8.張錦源(1984)。信用狀理論與實務。信用狀理論與實務。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
9.張培塔(1992)。當前銀行押匯問題之研究。當前銀行押匯問題之研究。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
10.沈榮嘉、劉鴻益、孫蘭英、楊安和(1993)。信用狀統一慣例（1993年修訂中英對照譯本）。信用狀統一慣例（1993年修訂中英對照譯本）。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
11.ICC Publishing S.A(2003)。國際標準銀行實務：跟單信用狀項下單據之審查。國際標準銀行實務：跟單信用狀項下單據之審查。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
12.(2001)。國際擔保函慣例。國際擔保函慣例。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
13.葉國興(1981)。信用狀統一貫例問題研究。信用狀統一貫例問題研究。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
14.Kozolchyk, Boris(1996)。Commercial Letter of Credit in the Americas。Commercial Letter of Credit in the Americas。New York, NY。  new window
15.Busto, Charles Del(1995)。Case Studies on Documentary Credits under UCP 500, ICC Publication No. 535。Case Studies on Documentary Credits under UCP 500, ICC Publication No. 535。Paris, France。  new window
16.(1996)。A Practical Guide to Letter of Credit。A Practical Guide to Letter of Credit。New York, NY。  new window
17.Ellinger, E. P.(1970)。Documentary Letter of Credit, a Comparative Study。Documentary Letter of Credit, a Comparative Study。Singapore。  new window
18.Spanogle, John A., Jr.、Gordon, Michael Wallace、Folsom, Ralph H.(1991)。International Business Transactions: A Problem-oriented Coursebook。International Business Transactions: A Problem-oriented Coursebook。St. Paul, MN。  new window
19.Collyer, Gary(1998)。Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission 1997, ICC Publication No. 596。Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission 1997, ICC Publication No. 596。Paris, France。  new window
20.Collyer, Gary、Katz, Ron(2002)。ICC Banking Commission Collected Opinions 1995-2001, ICC Publication No. 632。ICC Banking Commission Collected Opinions 1995-2001, ICC Publication No. 632。Paris, France。  new window
21.Byrne, James E.(1998)。The Official Commentary on the International Standby Practices。The Official Commentary on the International Standby Practices。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
22.Byrnes, Christopher S.、Byrne, James E.(2000)。2000 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。2000 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
23.Byrnes, Christopher S.、Byrne, James E.(2001)。2001 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。2001 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
24.Byrne, James E.、Byrnes, Christopher S.(2002)。2002 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。2002 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
25.Byrne, James E.、Byrnes, Christopher S.(2003)。2003 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。2003 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
26.Barnes, James G.、Byrne, James E.、Boss, Amelia H.(1998)。The ABCs of the UCC Article 5: Letter of Credit。The ABCs of the UCC Article 5: Letter of Credit。0。  new window
27.Schelin, Johan(2003)。Letters of Credit and the Doctrine of Strict Compliance。Letters of Credit and the Doctrine of Strict Compliance。Uppsala, Sweden。  new window
28.Dolan, John F.(1983)。The Law of Letters of Credit: Commercial and Standby Credits。The Law of Letters of Credit: Commercial and Standby Credits。Boston, MA。  new window
29.Jack, Raymond(1993)。Documentary Credits。Documentary Credits。London, UK。  new window
30.Rooy, Frans P.(1984)。Documentary Credits。Documentary Credits。Deventer, Netherlands。  new window
31.Ellinger, E. P.(2001)。The Doctrine of Strict Compliance: Its Development and Current Construction。2001 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
32.Dolan, John F.(2003)。Why High Discrepancy Rates Do Not Discourage L/C Use。2003 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
33.Turner, Paul S.(2001)。New Rules for Standby Letters of Credit: The International Standby Practices。2000 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
34.Spjut, Robert J.(2001)。Standby Letters of Credit。2000 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit & Practice。0。  new window
35.Conley, Todd(2002)。Hanil Bank V. PT. Bank Negara Indonesia: The Problem with from Over Substance in Documentary Compliance Rules。2002 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
36.Conley, Todd(2001)。Statement of the International Financial Services Association Regarding Originals and UCP500 Article 20 (b) Submitted in Voest-alpine Trading USA Corp v. the Bank of China。2001 Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law & Practice。Montgomery Village, MD。  new window
其他
1.Xu, Bailey J. K.。The Issuing Bank's Duty under Letter of Credit Transactions，0。  new window
2.International Financial Services Association。Statement of Practice: Reasonable Time for Examination of Letter of Credit Documents，0。  new window
 
 
 
 
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