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題名：Is it Difficult to Acquire Subjacency and the ECP?
書刊名：Taiwan Journal of Linguistics
作者：陳純音 引用關係／黃心怡
作者(外文)：Chen, Doris Chun-yin／Huang, Candy Hsin-yi
出版日期：2006
卷期：4:1
頁次：頁89-129
主題關鍵詞：中文；疑問詞；問句；空號原則；承接條件
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本文主旨在應用「第二語言習得」理論，探討外籍學生中文疑問詞問句中兩項參數：承接條件(Subjacency)及空號原則(ECP)的習得情形。針對以上兩參數之特性（如：優先作用(superiority effects)，「補語連詞＋痕跡」作用(that-trace effects)，主／受詞不對稱作用(subject/object asymmetries)，疑問詞島嶼限制(wh-island constraints)，複合名詞組限制(complex NP constraints)，子句主語限制(sentential subject constraints），本實驗共設計喜好測驗和看圖排序測驗。研究對象為就讀於國立臺灣師大國語中心的20名以英語為母語和20名以日語為母語的外籍學生，以及20名以中文為母語的中國人。實驗結果顯示，除英語組在優先作用上仍然有些許母語轉換的現象外，英語組與日語組都正確地將母語設定值轉換為所學習語言的設定值，證實了普遍語法在第二語言習得中的確扮演了重要的角色。此外，三組實驗對象都在「無優先作用」的題目上表現較弱，日語組的表現並沒有明顯地比英語組來得好。最後，本實驗亦發現「空號原則」並沒有比「承接條件」難習得。
This paper aims to examine English- and Japanese-speaking adult learners' acquisition of Subjacency¹ and the Empty Category Principle² (ECP) (Chomsky 1981, 1986) in Chinese. The participants were forty intermediate foreign students of the Mandarin Training Center of National Taiwan Normal University: half were native English speakers and half Japanese. In addition, there were twenty native controls. Two tasks (i.e., a preference task and an ordering task) were designed on the basis of the following properties concerning Subjacency and the ECP: wh-island constraints, complex NP constraints, sentential subject constraints, that-trace effects and subject/object asymmetries, and superiority effects. The results show that, except for the superiority effect, neither group of L2 learners carried their L1 knowledge to acquire Subjacency and the ECP, suggesting that L1 influence is not significant. Furthermore, it was found that the Japanese speakers did not perform significantly better than the English speakers. This shows that Universal Grammar is still available, since our participants have reset their L1 parameters to proper L2 values. In addition, among these features our participants did less well on non-superiority, and the native controls rejected island violations more strongly than either group of L2 participants. Finally, Subjacency and the ECP were found equally easy for our participants to acquire.
期刊論文
1.Clahsen, H.、Muysken, P.(1986)。The availability of universal grammar to adult and child learners--a study of the acquisition of German word order。Second Language Research，2(2)，93-119。  new window
2.Schachter, J.(1988)。Second language acquisition and its relationship to universal grammar。Applied Linguistics，9(3)，219-236。  new window
3.Bley-Vroman, R. W.、Felix, S. W.、Ioup, G. L.(1988)。The accessibility of universal grammar in adult language learning。Second Language Research，4(1)，1-32。  new window
4.Epstein, S.、Flynn, S.、Martohardjono, G.(1996)。Explanation in theories of second language acquisition。Behavioral and Bra in Science，19(4)，677-758。  new window
5.Katada, F.(1991)。The LF representation of anaphors。Linguistic Inquiry，22(2)，287-313。  new window
6.White, L.、Genesee, F.(1996)。How native is near-native? The Issue of ultimate attainment in adult language acquisition。Second Language Research，12(3)，233-265。  new window
7.Schachter, J.、Yip, V.(1990)。Why does anyone object to subject extraction?。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，12(4)，379-392。  new window
8.Uziel, S.(1993)。Resetting universal grammar parameters: Evidence from second language acquisition of Subjacency and the Empty Category principle。Second Language Research，9(1)，49-83。  new window
9.Johnson, Jacqueline S.、Newport, Elissa L.(1991)。Critical period effects on universal properties of language: the status of subjacency in the acquisition of a second language。Cognition，39(3)，215-258。  new window
會議論文
1.Chen, C. Y. Doris、Huang, H. Y. Candy(2001)。Is it easy for CSL learners to acquire Subjacency and the ECP?。International Association of Chinese Linguistics 10th Annual Conference with NACCL-13。Irvine, U.S.A：University of California。  new window
2.Cheng, L. R.(1994)。'Say' and 'See' as Complementizers in Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin。Third International Symposium on Mandarin Teaching，49-72。  new window
學位論文
1.Chen, C. Y. Doris(1991)。Reindexing and Some Asymmetries in Universal Grammar(博士論文)。Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign。  new window
2.Martohardjono, G.(1993)。Wh-Movement in the Acquisition of a Second Language: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Three Languages with and with out Syntactic Movement(學士論文)。Comelt University，Ithaca。  new window
3.Otsu, Y.(1981)。Universal Grammar and Syntactic Development in Children: to warda Theory of Syn tactic Development(博士論文)。MIT，Cambridge。  new window
4.Saito, M.(1985)。Some As ymmetries in Japanese and their The oretical Implication(博士論文)。MIT，Cambridge。  new window
5.Sarma, J.(1992)。The Acquisition of Wh-Questions in English(博士論文)。Univ. of Connecticut，Connecticut。  new window
6.Yoshinaga, N.(1996)。Wh-Questions: A Comparative Study ofT heir Formand Acquisition in English and Japanese(博士論文)。University of Hawaii，Manoa。  new window
7.Huang, Cheng-Teh James(1982)。Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar(博士論文)。Massachusetts Institute of Technology。  new window
圖書
1.Chen, J.(1986)。AnInvestigation of the Patternsof Learning English Interrogative Structuresby EFL Learners in China。Hong Kong：The Chinese University of Hong Kong MA thesis。  new window
2.Huang, H.(1999)。An Experimental Study of Subjacencyand the ECP in Second Language Acquisition of Chinese。Taipei：National Taiwan Normal University MA thesis。  new window
3.White, Lydia(1989)。Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。  new window
4.Gass, Susan M.、Selinker, Larry(1992)。Language Transfer in Language Learning。John Benjamins Publishing Company。  new window
5.Flynn, Suzanne(1987)。A Parameter-Setting Model of L2 Acquisition。Dordrecht：D. Reidel。  new window
6.Chomsky, Noam(1981)。Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures。Foris Publications。  new window
7.Li, Charles Na、Thompson, Sandra Annear(1981)。Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar。University of California Press。  new window
8.Chomsky, Noam(1986)。Barriers。MIT Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.Felix, S. W.(1988)。UG-generated knowledge in adult second language acquisition。Linguistic Theory in Second Language Acquisition。Dordrecht：Kluwer。  new window
2.Schachter, J.(1989)。Testing a proposed universal。Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Li, X.(1998)。Adult L2 accessibility to UG: An issue revisited。The Generative Study of Second Language Acquisition。New Jersey：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。  new window
4.White, L.、Juffs, A.(1998)。Constraints on Wh-movement in two different contexts of nonnative language acquisition: Competence and processing。The Generative Study of Second Language Acquisition。New Jersey：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。  new window
5.White, L.(1992)。Subjacency violation and empty categories in L2 acquisition。Island Constraints。Dordrecht：Kluwer。  new window
6.Vainikka, A.、Young-Scholten, M.(1991)。Verb raising in second language Acquisition: The Early Stages。Theoriedes Lexikons。Universitat Dusseldorf。  new window
7.White, L.(1988)。Island effects in second language acquisition。Linguistic Theory in Second Language Acquisition。Dordrecht：Kluwer Academic Publishers。  new window
8.Martohardjono, G.(1998)。Measuring competence in L2 acquisition: Commentary on part II。The Generative Study of Second Language Acquisition。New Jersey：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。  new window
 
 
 
 
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