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題名：美國各州財政結構、社會結構與TANF方案執行結果之結構關係研究
書刊名：社會政策與社會工作學刊
作者：鄭麗嬌 引用關係
作者(外文)：Cheng, Lee-joy
出版日期：2006
卷期：10:2
頁次：頁117-144
主題關鍵詞：失依兒童家庭補助金方案；貧窮家庭暫時性救助金方案；社會結構；財政結構；線性結構關係模式；Aid to families with dependent children program；AFDC；Temporary assistance for needy families program；TANF；Social structure；Fiscal structure；LISREL
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自1996年起，「貧窮家庭暫時性救助金方案」（Tomporary Assistance for Needy Families Program，簡稱TANF）取代「失依充童家庭補助金方案」（Aid to Families with Dependent Children Prograrn，簡稱AFDC）成為1935年以來美國最重大的社會福利救濟制度變革迄今，其執行成效如何，正反意見不一，尚無定論。雖然TANF方案施行已屆滿十年，相關檢視TANF執行結果研究甚多，惟大多屬淤微觀研究脫離TANF救濟補助行列者的感受與後續追蹤居多。為弭平上述研究之不足，本文藉由1998年至2002年間各州財政結構、社會結構與TANF受助人口及TANF支出等相關數據資料的蒐集，並運用線性結構關係模式(Structural Equation Modeling, LISREL)建構前述四項資料間的結構關係。本文香現並無明顯證據顯示TANF在經濟衰退期間發揮其應有之救助功能，而此一研究發現也無各州主政政黨屬性差異的存在。
The 1996 replacement of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC) with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program (TANF) marks the largest change in the U.S. social welfare assistance system since 1935. How successful has the TANF program implementation been? There are both positive and negative opinions in the academic and public sectors on the program, and to date there have been no final conclusions. Over the course of its ten years of existence, many studies have been conducted to investigate the results of its implementation; but among these, the majority of studies have focused only on following up on the circumstances and reactions of those who have left the TANF program. In order to fill out the inadequacies of systematic researches, the main purpose of this study will be to apply the long-term macro-view data to an examination of the four data-gathering factors on all fifty states’ fiscal and social structures from 1998 through 2002, the number of people covered by TANF and TANF expenditures, as well as the use of structural equation modeling (LISREL) to show relation between the four factors. The findings of this study show that there is no evidence that TANF is able to perform its assistance functions during periods of economic decline. Furthermore, the study also finds that there are no discrepancies that can be attributed to governors' political party affiliations.
期刊論文
1.Dinerman, M.、Faulkner, A. O.(2000)。Women and the New American Welfare。Affilia，15(2)，125-132。  new window
2.Hagen, J. L.(1999)。Time Limit under Temporary Assistance to Needy Families: A Look at the Welfare Cliff。Affilia，14(3)，294-314。  new window
3.Harris, K.(1993)。Work and Welfare among Single Mothers in Poverty。American Journal of Sociology，99(2)，317-352。  new window
4.Hennessy, J.(2005)。Welfare, Work, and Family Well-being: A Comparative Analysis of Welfare and Employment Status for Single Female-headed Family Post-TANF。Sociological Perspectives，48(1)，77-104。  new window
5.Jimenez, M. A.(1999)。A Feminist Analysis of Welfare Reform: The Personal Responsibility Act of 1996。Affilia，14(3)，278-293。  new window
6.Lichter, D. T.、Jayakody, R.(2002)。Welfare Reform: How Do We Measure Success?。Annual Review of Sociology，28，117-141。  new window
7.Marsh, J. C.(2002)。What Knowledge Is Relevant to Social Work Practice? The Case of TANF Reauthorization。Social Work，47(3)，197-200。  new window
8.Osberg, Lars(2000)。Poverty in Canada and the United States: Measurement, Trends, and Implications。The Canadian Journal of Economics，33(4)，847-877。  new window
9.Seefeldt, K.、Orzol, S. M.(2005)。Watching the Clock Tick: Factors Associated with TANF Accumulation。Social Work Research，29(4)，215-229。  new window
10.Reichman, N. E.、Teitler, J. O.、Curtis, M. A.(2005)。TANF Sanctioning and Hardship。Social Service Review，79(2)，215-236。  new window
11.Pearce, D.(2000)。Rights and Wrongs of Welfare Reform: A Feminist Approach。Affilia，15(2)，133-152。  new window
12.Bernstein, J.、Greenberg, M.(2001)。Reforming Welfare Reform。The American Prospect，1(15)，10-16。  new window
13.Blank, R.(2001)。Declining Caseloads/Increased Work: What Can We Conclude about the Effects of Welfare Reform?。Economic Policy Review，7(2)，25-36。  new window
14.Connolly, L. S.、Marston, C. E.(2005)。Welfare Reform, Earnings, and Incomes: New Evidence from Survey of Program Dynamics。Contemporary Economic Policy，23(4)，493-512。  new window
15.Ozawa, M. N.、Yoon, Hong-Sik(2005)。Leavers from TANF and AFDC: How Do They Fare Economically?。Social Work，50(3)，239-249。  new window
16.Bentler, P. M.、Bonett, D. G.(1980)。Significance test and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures。Psychological Bulletin，88(3)，588-606。  new window
17.Courtney, M. E.、Dworksy, A.、Piliavin, I.、Zinn, A.(2005)。Involvement of TANF Applicant Family with Child Welfare Service。Social Service Review，79(1)，119-157。  new window
18.Hotz, V. J.、Mullin, C.、Scholz, J. K.(2002)。Welfare Reform, Employment, and Advancement。Focus，22(1)，51-55。  new window
19.London, A. S.、Scott, E. K.、Edin, K.、Hunter, V.(2004)。Welfare Reform, Work-family Tradeoffs, and Child Well-being。Family Relations，53(2)，148-158。  new window
20.Wu, Chi-Fang、Cancian, M.、Wallace, G.、Meyer, D. R.(2006)。How Do Welfare Sanctions Work?。Social Work Research，30(1)，33-50。  new window
研究報告
1.Moffitt, R.、Roff, J.(2000)。The Diversity of Welfare Leavers, Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-city Study。Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University。  new window
2.Acs, G.、Phillips, K.、Nelson, S.(2003)。The Road Not Taken? Changes in Welfare Entry during the 1990s。Washington, DC：Urban Institute。  new window
圖書
1.Blank, R.(2001)。Welfare and the Economy。Washington, DC：The Brookings Institution。  new window
2.Brauner, S.、Loprest, P.(1999)。Where Are They Now? What States' Studies of People Who Left Welfare Tell Us: Assessing the New Federalism。Washington, DC：Urban Institute。  new window
3.Edin, K.、Lein, L.(1997)。Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-wage Work。NY：Russell Sage Foundation。  new window
4.Hays, S.(2003)。Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform。NY：Oxford University Press。  new window
5.Karger, H. J.、Stoesz, D.(1998)。American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach。New York：Addison Wesley Longman。  new window
6.Loprest, P.(1999)。Families Who Left Welfare: Who Are They and How Are They Going?。Washington, DC：Urban Institute。  new window
7.Parrott, S.(1998)。Welfare Recipients Who Find Jobs: What Do We Know about Their Employment and Earnings?。Washington, DC：Center on Budget and Policy Priorities。  new window
8.U. S. General Accounting Office(1999)。Health, Education, and Human Services Division. Welfare reform: Information on Former Recipients' Status。Washington, DC：USGAO。  new window
9.U. S. General Accounting Office(2000)。Welfare Reform: State Sanction Policies and Newborn of Families。Washington, DC：USGAO。  new window
10.Acs, G.、Loprest, R.(2001)。Initial Synthesis Report of the Findings from ASPE's Grants。Washington, DC：U. S. Department of Health and Human Services。  new window
11.Blank, R. M.、Haskins, R.(2001)。The New World of Welfare。Washington, DC：Brookings Institution Press。  new window
12.Boushey, H.、Gunderson, B.(2001)。When Work Just Isn't Enough: Measuring Hardship Faced by Families after Moving from Welfare to Work。Washington, DC：Economic Policy Institute。  new window
13.Bowie, S.、Edin, K.、London, A.、Polit, D.、Scott, E.、Valenzuela, A.、Widom, R.(2001)。Is Work Enough? The Experience of Current and Former Welfare Mothers Who Work。NY：Manpower Research and Development Cooperation。  new window
14.Michalopoulos, C.、Schwartz, C.、Adams-Ciardullo, D.(2000)。What Works Best for Whom: Impacts of 20 Welfare-to-work Programs by Subgroup。NY：Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation。  new window
15.Brock, T.、Kwakye, I.、Polyné, J. C.、Richburg-Hayes, L.、Seith, D.、Stepick, A.、Stepick, C. D.、Cullen, T.、Rich, S.(2004)。Welfare Reform in Miami: Implementation, Effects, and Experience of Poor Families and Neighborhoods。New York：Manpower Research and Development Cooperation。  new window
16.Tweedie, J.、Reichert, D.、O'Connor, M.(1999)。Tracking Recipients after They Get Off Welfare。Washington, DC：National Conference of State Legislatures。  new window
單篇論文
1.Bernstein, J.(2001)。The Fair Weather Ship in a Storm: How Will Welfare Reform Do in a Recession?，Washington, DC：Economic Policy Institute。  new window
圖書論文
1.Cherlin, A. J.(2004)。The Growing Compliance Burden for Recipients of Welfare Assistance。Work Family Challenges for Low-income Parents and Their Children。Mahwah, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
2.Gomick, J.(1999)。Income Maintenance and Employment Supports for Former Welfare Recipients: The United States in Cross-national Perspective。Rethinking Income Support for the Working Poor: Perspectives on Unemployment Insurance。Washington, DC：National Governors' Association。  new window
3.Greenberg, M.、Savner, S.(1999)。Creating a Workforce Development Structure for All Working-age Adults。Rethinking Income Support for the Working Poor: Perspectives on Unemployment Insurance, Welfare, and Work。Washington, DC：National Governors' Association。  new window
4.Hobbie, R.、Wittenburg, D.、Fishman, M.(1999)。Temporary Assistance for Low-wage Workers: Evolving Relationships among Work, Welfare, and Unemployment Insurance。Rethinking Income Support for the Working Poor: Perspectives on Unemployment Insurance, Welfare, and Work。Washington, DC：National Governors' Association。  new window
5.Van Lare, B.(1999)。Issues and Options for States in Creating a Work-Centered Safety Net for Working Poor Families: Overview。Rethinking Income Support for the Working Poor: Perspectives on Unemployment Insurance, Welfare, and Work。Washington, DC：National Governors' Association。  new window
6.Pavetti, LaDonna A.、Bloom, D.(2001)。State Sanctions and Time Limits。The New World of Welfare。Washington, DC：Brookings Institution Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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