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題名：奇萊宿營地登山客之接觸規範與擁擠知覺關係之研究
書刊名：國家公園學報
作者：高儷嘉／許義忠
作者(外文)：Kao, Li-chia／Hsu, Yi-chung
出版日期：2006
卷期：16:2
頁次：頁21-39
主題關鍵詞：接觸規範；奇萊宿營地；可能反應模式；擁擠知覺；承載量；Encounter norms；Perceived crowding；Norm crystallization；Norm intensity；The Return potential model
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:3
  • 共同引用共同引用:42
  • 點閱點閱:46
本研究以可能反應模式來評量奇萊宿營地登山客的接觸規範及擁擠知覺。資料於 2005 年 7 月至 10 月間蒐集完成，共獲得有效問卷396份。研究結果顯示（1）奇萊宿營地登山客具有個人接觸規範者約有七成。（2）奇萊宿營地登山客擁有相似的社會接觸規範且共識程度頗高。（3）影響社會接觸規範的社經背景與登山經驗變項，會因不同宿營地有所不同。（4）約有五成強的登山客覺得奇萊宿營地頗為擁擠或非常擁擠；但有接觸規範者的擁擠知覺顯著高於無接觸規範者。(5) 當登山客知覺接觸數量超過個人接觸規範時，擁擠知覺則增強。(6) 奇萊山莊登山客擁擠知覺可接受程度曲線呈雙峰微幅上揚趨勢，但成功山屋登山客則呈單峰上揚尾端持平趨勢。本研究獲致三個結論：(1) 低密度遊憩區的宿營地登山客擁有接觸規範，且其強度與共識性皆高。(2) 宿營地登山客個人與社會接觸規範及擁擠知覺會因為宿營地不同而有所差異。(3) 接觸規範、擁擠知覺、和知覺接觸數量可以當成訂定遊憩承載量的指標。文末並就未來研究與太魯閣國家公園經營管理提出建議。
About 70 % of Chi-Lai campsite hikers had personal encounter norms; (2) Chi-Lai campsite hikers had social norms with high intensity and crystallization; (3) Demographic and hiking experience variables influencing social norms varied for different campsites; (4) More than 50% campsite hikers perceived crowded and those with encounter norms felt significantly crowded than those without norms; (5) When perceived encounters exceeded hikers’ encounter norms, their perceived crowding increased; and (6) Encounter norm curves of Chi-Lai campsites varied. One was twin-peak curve, the other was single-peak with flate tale curve. Three conclusions were drawn: (1) Encounter norms perceived among hikers in the low-density Chi-Lai campsites with high norm intensity and crystallization; (2) Encounter norms and perceived crowding of campsite hikers could be site specific; and (3) Perceived encounters, encounter norms, and anticipated encounters could be used to predict perceived crowding, therefore these three factors could be used as carrying capacity indicator for campsites. Recommendations were made for Taroko National Park management and future research.
Other
1.吳瑞瑜(2003)。森林遊樂區遊客擁擠知覺之研究--以東勢林場為例。  延伸查詢new window
2.Stewart, W. P. and D. N. Cole(2001)。Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships。  new window
3.Vaske, J. J., B. Shelby, A. R., Graefe and T. A. Heberlein.(1986)。Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence.。  new window
期刊論文
1.范玉玲(2001)。溪頭遊客擁擠度及遊憩偏好之研究。國立屏東商業技術學院學報，3，283-299。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Jackson, Jay(1975)。Normative Power and Conflict Potential。Sociological Methods and Research，4(2)，237-239。  new window
3.楊文燦、鄭琦玉(19950600)。遊憩衝擊認知及其與滿意度關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，8(2)，109-132。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Shelby, B.(1981)。Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers。Journal of Leisure Research，13(2)，129-138。  new window
5.Shelby, B.、Vaske, J. J.、Heberlein, T. A.(1989)。Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research。Leisure Sciences，11(4)，269-291。  new window
6.Shelby, Bo、Heberlein, Thomas A.、Vaske, Jerry J.、Alfano, Geraldine(1983)。Expectations, Preferences, and Feeling Crowded in Recreation Activities。Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal，6(1)，1-14。  new window
7.Stokols, Daniel(1972)。On the Distinction between Density and Crowding: Some Implications for Future Research。Psychological Review，79(3)，275-278。  new window
學位論文
1.陳水源(1988)。擁擠與戶外遊憩體驗關係之研究--社會心理層面之探討(博士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Manning, R. E.(1999)。Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction。Corvallis, Oregon：Oregon State University Press。  new window
其他
1.王心惠(1997)。相片評估都市公園社會容許量之探討--以青年公園為例。  延伸查詢new window
2.何立智、張俊彥(1996)。以電腦模擬方法探討主題式遊憩區遊憩容許量之研究。  延伸查詢new window
3.林晏州(2000)。社會遊憩容許量評估方法之比較。  延伸查詢new window
4.孫仲卿(1997)。中國式庭園中擬定社會容納量之研究--以板橋林家花園為例。  延伸查詢new window
5.陳沛悌、林晏州(1997)。社會常模之探討--以秀姑巒溪泛舟活動遇見船數的常模為例。  延伸查詢new window
6.許義忠、方志鵬(2003)。泛舟遊客接觸規範之研究。  延伸查詢new window
7.許義忠、方志鵬(2004)。泛舟遊客接觸規範、擁擠知覺、知覺接觸數量之研究。  延伸查詢new window
8.張俊彥(1987)。遊憩規劃中遊客擁擠知覺之分析。  延伸查詢new window
9.張俊彥(1999)。木柵動物園遊客分佈與擁擠--以電腦模擬為例。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Absher, J. D. and R. G. Lee.(1981)。Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings。  new window
11.Altman, I.(1975)。he environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding。  new window
12.Basman, C. M., M. J. Manfredo., S.C. Barro., J. J. Vaske and A. Watson.(1996)。Norm accessibility: An explorarory study of backcountry and frontcountry recreational norms.。  new window
13.Bultena, G., D. Field., P. Womble and D. Albrecht.(1981)。Closing the gates: A study of backcountry use-limitation at Mount McKinley National Park.。  new window
14.Cohen, J., B. Sladen and B. Bennett.(1975)。The effects of situational variables on judgments of crowding。  new window
15.Desor, J.(1972)。Toward a psychological theory of crowding.。  new window
16.Ditton, R. B., A. J. Fedler and A. R. Graefe.(1983)。Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding.。  new window
17.Donnelly, M. P., J. J. Vaske., D. Whittaker and B. Shelby.(2000)。Toward an Understanding of norm Prevalence :A comparative analysis of 20 years of research。  new window
18.Graefe, A. R., J. J. Vaske and F. R. Kuss.(1984)。Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research.。  new window
19.Hall, T. E. and J. W. Roggenbuck.(2002)。Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach.。  new window
20.Hall, T. E. and B. Shelby.(1996)。Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms.。  new window
21.Hall, T. E., B. Shelby and D. Rolloff.(1996)。Effect of varied question format on boaters' norms。  new window
22.Hewitt, J. P.(1979)。Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology。  new window
23.Heywood, J. L.(1996)。Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation。  new window
24.Heywood, J. L.(2002)。The cognitive and emotional components of behavior norms in outdoor recreation。  new window
25.Heywood, J. L. and W. E. Murdock.(2002)。Social norms in outdoor recreation: Searching for the behavior-condition link。  new window
26.Jackson, J.(1965)。Structural of characteristics of norms，New York。  new window
27.Kim, S. and B. Shelby.(1998)。Norms for behavior and conditions in two national park campgrounds in Korea。  new window
28.Lewis, M., D. Lime and P. Anderson.(1996)。Paddle canoeists encounter norms in Minnesota's boundary waters canoe area wilderness.。  new window
29.Manning, R. E., C. Jacobi., W. Valliere and B. Wang.(1998)。Standards of quality in parks and recreation.。  new window
30.Manning, R. E., D. W. Lime., W. A. Freimund and D. Pitt.(1996)。Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality。  new window
31.Manning, R. E., D. W. Lime and M. Hof.(1996)。Social carrying capacity of natural areas: Theory and application in the U.S. National Parks。  new window
32.Manning, R. E., D. W. Lime., M. Hof and W. A. Freimund.(1995)。The visitor experience and resource protection process: The application of carrying capacity to Arches National Park。  new window
33.Manning, R. E., W. A. Valliere., B. Minteer., B. Wang and C. Jacobi.(2000)。Crowding in parks and outdoor recreation: A theoretical, empirical, and managerial analysis.。  new window
34.Manning, R. E., W. A. Valliere., B. Wang and C. Jacobi.(1999)。Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches.。  new window
35.Martinson, K. and B. Shelby.(1992)。Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand.。  new window
36.Michener, H.A., J.D. Delamater and S.H. Schwartz.(1986)。Social psychology. Harcount Brace Jovannovich Publishers,。  new window
37.Noe, F. P.(1992)。Further questions about the measurement and conceptualization of backcountry encounter norms.。  new window
38.Roggenbuck, J. W., D. R. Williams., S. P. Bange and D. J. Dean.(1991)。River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept.。  new window
39.Schmidt, D. E. and J. R. Keating.(1979)。Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research.。  new window
40.Schwartz, S. H.(1970)。Moral decision making and behavior.。  new window
41.Shelby, B. and T. A. Heberlein.(1986)。Carrying capacity in recreation setting.。  new window
42.Shelby, B. and J. J. Vaske.(1991)。Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers。  new window
43.Shelby, B., J. J. Vaske and M. P. Donnelly.(1996)。Norms, standards, and natural resources.。  new window
44.Tarrant, M. A., H. K. Cordell and T. L. Kibler.(1997)。Measuring perceived crowding for high-density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors.。  new window
45.Vaske, J. J. and M. P. Donnelly.(2002)。Generalizing the encounter-norm-crowding relationship.。  new window
46.Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly and J. Petruzzi.(1996)。Country of origin, encounter norms, and crowding in a frontcountry setting.。  new window
47.Williams, D. R., J. W. Roggenbuck and S. Bange.(1991)。The effect of norm-encounter compatability on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings.。  new window
48.Womble, P. and S. Studebaker.(1981)。Crowding in a national park campground: Katmai National Monument in Alaska.。  new window
 
 
 
 
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