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題名:人權悖論
書刊名:止善
作者:毛漢光
作者(外文):Mao, Han-kuang
出版日期:2006
卷期:1
頁次:頁3-24
主題關鍵詞:人權悖論政治社會Human rightsParadoxPoliticsSociety
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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人權項目在近代不斷增加,人權項目間產生矛盾現象,此即人權悖論。本人將人權項目分為五大類即:生存權、平等權、自由權、參政權,及發展權,共得十種相互關係,大部分人權項目之間是互補的,但亦有牴觸的,指出矛盾之處是去除人權障礙的理論基礎,分析如下:一、生存權vs.平等權:自資本主義生產方式至知識經濟的財富累積,人間分配的不平等,已從以往原始公社共同生產分配、或農業生產成果的少量差距,演變成巨大的不平等。二、生存權vs.自由權:自願結束生命的安樂死衝擊生命權。而生產線螺絲丁方式的作業,妨礙人們整體創作的智慧暨心靈之自由。三、生存權vs.參政權:參政議題之專業化與生產專精化之不可兼得,以及弱勢者抵抗權在何種情況下可以施行,其界線甚難劃分。四、生存權vs.發展權:近代科技大規模開發自然資源,使人類生存權大大地改善,但亦因此破壞自然生態,環境權利與生存權利嚴重衝突,甚至影響到子孫輩的生存。五、平等權vs.自由權:在政治思想上,自由與平等可以統一;但在經濟領域中,自由經濟的高度發揮,實際上產生社會上極度不平等。六、平等權vs.參政權:為了保障弱勢團體、少數族群的平等參政,在許多情況下有比例參政的措施,這種辦法無法按個人能力去分配參政機會,齊頭點的平等不但製造另一種不平等,同時也影響到競爭力。七、平等權vs.發展權:近代科技發達是發展權神速推進的原動力,尤以經濟方面的發展最為明顯,不但在生產方面產生的能量大幅拉大差距,同時在分配時如何顧及正義原則,而又不影響到平等權,是廿世紀羅爾斯、諾齊克等哲學家激辯主題。八、自由權vs.參政權:自由到何種程度而不會影響到政治安定,尤其是言論、出版自由的界線對於一個團體的影響,以第四權自居的媒體與民選的政府間矛盾日益加劇。九、自由權vs.發展權:國家、社會政策對於個人自由權的限制,孰輕孰重是集體人權與個人人權的悖論。十、參政權vs.發展權:國家發展之同時,需要國際社會相助,援助國對受援助國不可能毫無政治條件,往而影響到國家發展權。人權有母體性,隨著時代進展,每一大類人權會繁衍其他的人權,有的人權會與他一類人權產生悖論,人權研究的主旨是擴大其相同點,同時要洞悉其悖論,預先化解其間差異點,使人權的進展達到水到渠成的效果。
The categories of Human Rights have accumulated continuously; and with this accumulation, there arises paradoxical phenomena, namely the Human Rights Paradox. I sort Human Rights into five categories: (1) welfare rights; (2) equality rights; (3) liberty rights; (4) political rights; and (5) progress rights; from of these take place ten correlations, mostly retributive, yet some contradictory. Hence, the indication of the contradictions is the theoretical basis of exterminating obstacles to human rights. The analyses are as follows: Ⅰ. Welfare Rights versus Equality Rights: from the capitalistic ways of production to the accumulation of wealth through knowledge economy, the unequal distribution among human beings has, from the communal production and distribution among primitive societies, or the minimal indifference based on agricultural productions, evolved into a great inequality. Ⅱ. Welfare Rights versus Liberty Rights: On the one hand, euthanasia, the voluntarily termination of life, is an impact on welfare rights. On the other hand, the production-wise effective assembly line has interrupted the human wisdom of creativity and freedom of the mind in general. Ⅲ. Welfare Rights versus Political Rights: both the political issues that demand professionalism and production goals that demand expertise remain a dilemma, and a difficult line is yet to be drawn concerning the when and how the right of disobedience of the inferior could be justified to take place. Ⅳ. Welfare Rights versus Progress Rights: the massive exploitation of natural resources based on modern technology has greatly improved Welfare Rights, yet this exploitation has devastated nature as a whole, and such conflict between the privilege of the environment and the privilege of welfare rights is in grave dispute, and is likely to affect the welfare of future generations. Ⅴ. Equality Rights versus Liberty Rights: in political consciousness, liberty and equality can become united; yet in economic fields, the full liberation of a free economy is in reality generation great inequality. Ⅵ. Equality Rights versus Political Rights: to ensure the security of minority groups, they are permitted in many cases to join an equalized participation in politics forged to being within a framework based on proportional design. Within this design it is impossible to distribute the chances of political participation according to the capability of an individual. Such Equal Opportunity not only creates another inequality, but also affects competitiveness as well. Ⅶ. Equality Rights versus Progress Rights: Modern technology is the driving source of Progress Rights, and its surprising advancement is particularly evident in the economic field. Production energy greatly increased the distance between Equality Rights and Progress Rights, and how to herald the principle of justice during distribution without affecting Equality Rights is the main topic heatedly debated by philosophers such as Rawls and Nozick of the 20th century. Ⅷ. Liberty Rights and Political rights: To what degree would freedom not affect political stability, and, especially, what is the impact on a body politic when freedoms of speech and press have greatly aggravated the collision between the media and the civil government? Ⅸ. Liberty Rights versus Progress Rights: the strength of the restraints that the policies of the state and the society set upon the Liberty Rights of an individual is a paradox between the rights of the body politic and the rights of the individual. Ⅹ. Political Rights versus Progress Rights: While a nation develops, it needs the assistance of the international society. Nations offering aid to nations in need is impossible to exempt demands and terms in return, which would affect the latter nations' Progress Rights. Human Rights are inborn with a matrix. As History progresses, every general Human Rights would generate other Human Rights, and some would form with others paradoxes. The main purpose of Human Rights Study is to expand their similarities, meanwhile comprehending their paradoxes, and resolving their points of dispute in advance, thereby achieving fluent success as Human Rights progress.
期刊論文
1.余英時。平等概念的檢討。自由中國,10(5),156-159。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.常健(1992)。人權的理想‧悖論‧現實。人權的理想‧悖論‧現實。四川。  延伸查詢new window
2.Rousseau, J.-J.、李常山(1986)。論人類不平等的起源和基礎。臺北:唐山。  延伸查詢new window
3.Wallerstein, Immanuel、赫名瑋、張凡(2002)。自由主義的終結。北京:中國社會科學文獻出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.毛漢光(2004)。中國人權史:生存權篇。宜蘭:佛光人文社會學院。  延伸查詢new window
5.Rawls, John、林火旺(1998)。羅爾斯正義論。臺北:台灣書店。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Rawls, John、黃丘隆(1990)。正義論。結構群文化事業有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
7.Braudel, Fernand、顧良、施康強(1992)。十五至十八世紀的物質文明、經濟和資本主義。北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店。  延伸查詢new window
8.王家福、劉海年(1998)。中國人權百科全書。北京:中國大百科全書出版社。  延伸查詢new window
9.徐大同(2003)。現代西方政治思想。北京市:人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
10.余英時(1989)。士與中國文化。士與中國文化。上海。  延伸查詢new window
11.沈之興、張幼香(1999)。西方文化史。西方文化史。廣州。  延伸查詢new window
12.弗里德里希.恩格斯(1989)。家庭、私有制和國家起源。家庭、私有制和國家起源。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
13.李亦園(1992)。觀念史大辭典。觀念史大辭典。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
14.韓德培(1995)。人權的理論與實踐。人權的理論與實踐。武漢。  延伸查詢new window
15.黃枏森、沈宗靈(1994)。西方人權學說。成都。  延伸查詢new window
16.齊德蘭.庫卡塔斯、菲利普.佩迪特(1999)。羅爾斯(John Rwals)。羅爾斯(John Rwals)。哈爾濱。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.(2005)。安樂死:從古希臘到「夏佛事件」。  延伸查詢new window
2.中國時報,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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