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題名:Between Worlds: Charting the Singapore National Identity in Lloyd Fernando's Scorpion Orchid
書刊名:中山人文學報
作者:Quayum, Mohammad A.
出版日期:2006
卷期:23
頁次:頁1-14
主題關鍵詞:馬來西亞英文文學國家主義族群性別語言Malaysian literature in EnglishNationalismEthnicityGenderLanguage
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本文旨在探討Lloyd Fernando首部小說Scorpion Orchid(1976),籍以呈現作者戲劇性地重構日本佔據英屬馬來亞(1942-45)之後,新加坡在1950年代政局如何動盪、人民如何尋求脫離大不列巔獨立建國的巧妙手法。另外、作者對於獨立前的騷動不安如何促成新加坡日後打造出一個和諧兼具統合、團結、活絡且平和的新主權國家等等描繪,也是本文探究的重點。透過書中各種象徵性事物的巧妙鋪陳、同時穿插馬來西亞經典名著Sejarab Melayu以及Hikayat Abdullah部份片段,作者成功地超越種族岐異,肯定馬來半島及新加坡等地與族通婚年代,的確優於殖民入侵時期。結論中Fernando主張放棄種族論述、打破性別階級、並在不被邊緣化任一族群的前提下,採行足以統合族群的語言政策等等,方爲新加坡展望未來的最佳途徑。
In spite Sabran's initial optimism, it is rather clear what a formidable obstacle the two parties were faced with, which was also a common obstacle for the nation. Being a multicultural society, it is likely that Singaporeans communicate in different languages, often according to their ethnicity. How could this gap be bridged? It is widely assumed that a common language is necessary to build a single society, as in the ease of most European nations. Mahathir Mohammad, Malaysia's former Prime Minister, has pointed out in his book, The Malay Dilemma, that nations have two options with regard to their language policies, either to adopt the US-Australian model of putting a single language at the centre, or adopt the Swiss model which has no national language but four official languages. So which model would Singapore adopt, and if the nation chose the first model which language would be elevated to national langue? Fernando does not provide clear answers to these questions, although he seems to suggest that utmost caution and prudence would be necessary in settling this issue. At one point, Sabran suggests that it is incumbent on everyone to learn Malay as it is the ”original” language of the land. But Peter shows unease with that. He complains that he and his kind have been forced to give up their language over and over again. Each time the Master changed, they were required to switch over to a different tongue: the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, and the Japanese. Now he will have to unlearn English if Malay was introduced as the national language. ”Now it seems I must unlearn it [English] once more and learn Malay,” he says, disconsolate, and asks his friend in a rather angry tone, ”How many times? Can you tell me that? The process is simply repeating itself, why can't it stop? ” (143). Peter has every reason to feel so disappointed as language is his identity; to deprive him of his tongue would be an act of atrocity. it would be like ”taking out parts [from his body] and putting in new parts” (142). Peter here does not speak for himself alone or for the Eurasian community, but for all the Singapore diasporic communities. Singapore, in order to forge a collective national identity, would have to adopt a language policy that does not marginalise any of the communities; any hierarchy or centre/margin dichotomy would be counterproductive to the cause of national unity. It so happens that Singapore has recognised this challenge in the post-independence period and adopted a language policy in the Swiss model, having four official languages for the country, representing all its major ethnic groups Malay, went well beyond the period of colonial intervention. Fernando concludes that the best way for Singapore to chart its new destiny would be to dispel the race discourse, dismantle gender hierarchy and adopt a language policy that would unify its diverse people, without marginalising any of the groups wilfully.
期刊論文
1.Livingstone, Frank(1962)。On the Non-Existence of Human Races。Current Anthropology,3,279-281。  new window
2.Quayum, Mohammad A.(2001)。Malaysian Literature in English: Challenges and Prospects in the New Millennium。CRNLE Journal,128-140。  new window
3.Quayum, Mohammad A.(2001)。Imagining ‘Bangsa Malaysia: Race, Religion and Gender in Lloyd Fernando’s Green is the Colour。World Literature Written in English,38(1),29-42。  new window
4.Quayum, Mohammad A.(2003)。Malaysian Literature in English: An Evolving Tradition。Kunapipi,25(2),2003-178。  new window
5.Jameson, Fredric(1986)。Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism。Social Text,15,65-88。  new window
圖書
1.Andaya, Barbara Watson、Andaya, Leonard Y.(2001)。A History of Malaysia。Palgrave。  new window
2.Burgess, Anthony(1981)。Time for a Tiger. The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy。Penguin Books。  new window
3.Chew, E. C. T.、Edwin, Lee(1991)。A History of Singapore。Oxford:OUP。  new window
4.Childs, Peter、Willaims, Patrick(1997)。An Introduction to Post-Colonial Theory。Harlow:Pearson。  new window
5.Emerson, Ralph Waldo、Adelaide, J. P.。Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson。E.W. Cole。  new window
6.Fernando, Lloyd(2000)。Scorpion Orchid [1976]。Singapore:Kuala Lumpur:Times。  new window
7.Mohammad, Mahathir Bin(1988)。The Malay Dilemma [1969]。Singapore:Times:Kuala Lumpur。  new window
8.Ashcroft, Bill、Griffin, Gareth、Tiffin, Helen(1998)。Key Concepts in Post-colonial Studies。London:Routledge。  new window
其他
1.(2006)。Race,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race, 2006/04/15。  new window
圖書論文
1.Anzaldua, Gloria(1999)。Bordelands/La Frontera。Literary Theory: An Anthology。Massachusetts:Blackwell。  new window
2.Fanon, Frantz(1990)。On National Culture。Literature in the Modem World: Critical Essays and Documents。Oxford:OUP。  new window
3.Koh, Tai Ann(2001)。The Empires' Orphans: Satyers and Quitters m A Bend in the River and Scorpion Orchid。Malaysian Literature in English: A Critical Reader。Kuala Lumpur:Pearson。  new window
4.Quayum, Mohammad A.(2001)。Shaping a New National Destiny with Dialogic Vision: Lloyd Fernando's Green is the Colour。Malaysian Literature in English: A Critical Reader。Kuala Lumpur:Pearson。  new window
5.Quayum, Mohammad A.(2007)。Lloyd Fernando。Dictionary of Literary Biography: Southeast Asian Fiction。South Carolina:Bruccoli Clark Layman。  new window
6.Woolf, Virginia(1990)。Women and Nationalism。Literature in the Modem World: Critical Essays and Documents。Oxford:OUP。  new window
7.Lee, Kwan Yew(1961)。The Battle for Merger。Towards Socialism。Singapore:Government Printing Office。  new window
 
 
 
 
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