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題名：華人沒有基本與終極歸因偏誤嗎？--對Morris與Peng (1994)的回應
書刊名：中華心理學刊
作者：連韻文 引用關係／朱瑞玲 引用關係／任純慧／吳家華
作者(外文)：Lien, Yunn-wen／Chu, Ruey-ling／Jen, Chun-hui／Wu, Chia-hua
出版日期：2006
卷期：48:2
頁次：頁163-181
主題關鍵詞：歸因；基本歸因偏誤；終極歸因偏誤；文化差異；利團體偏私；Attribution；Fundamental attribution errorr；Ultimate attribution error；Cultural difference；Group-serving bias
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:18
  • 點閱點閱:119
不同於美國受試者傾向特質歸因，Morris與Peng(1994)發現華人無論行為者的國籍為何皆傾向情境歸因。據此，他們認為華人因其集體主義文化背景而無所謂的「基本歸因偏誤」與「終極歸因偏誤」。在本研究中，我們主張區辨兩種不同的情境訊息－促進性或抑制性情境訊息。敏感於前一種訊息，固然會因「折扣效應」而降低特質歸因的傾向，但注意到情境中存有抑制行為發生的訊息，則有可能增加特質歸因傾向(Jones & Davis, 1965)。因此我們雖同意「華人對情境因素較西方人敏感」，但不認為由此可以推導出「華人傾向情境歸因」的說法。我們以兩個實徵研究說明Morris與Peng (1994)的發現可用樣本特殊性與故事內容不相當等非文化因素來解釋。研究一改進上述研究缺點，平衡國籍因素，並改以留在母國的台灣大學生為受試者重新驗證其說法，但無法重複其發現。研究二則利用台灣在2000年總統大選時，支持與不支持者對候選人敗選結果的歸因，直接檢驗華人對內外團體的歸因傾向是否有所差異。結果顯示不支持者較支持者對候選人的敗選更傾向特質歸因，顯示華人的歸因傾向受到行為者是否為內團體成員的影響。本文對華人歸因傾向與文化差異的意涵有進一步的討論。
Morris and Peng (1994) reported that subjects with Chinese heritage weight situational factors more than dispositional factors when a killing behavior was attributed, regardless the killer's nationality. They therefore argued that Chinese committed neither (1) fundamental attribution error nor (2) ultimate attribution error. The Collectivism/Individualism distinction of culture was used to explain the results. We pointed out that two types of situational information should be distinguished. One is situational information that might facilitate or explain the occurrence of the target behavior, such as being treated unfairly might facilitate a killing behavior. The other is inhibitory situational information, such as social norm or bystanders' pleading that might prohibit a killing behavior. Previous research has revealed that these two types of situational information might respectively lead to the discounting effect or increase the dispositional attribution. Being more sensitive to situational information therefore would not necessarily lead to the tendency toward situational attribution. Two studies aimed at clarifying the above argument were reported in the current research. Study 1, with local Taiwanese subjects, used the same cover stories as Morris & Peng (study 3, 1994) but equated the story content for in/out group by exchange the nationality of the killer. The results showed that Taiwanese subjects attributed the killing to dispositional factors much more than to the situational factors as we predicted, particularly for the "student cover story", and there was an interaction between attributional tendency and nationality, opposite to what have reported. We argued that Morris & Peng's findings could be better explained by the specialty of subjects and inequality of content for in/out group. To further test whether Taiwanese treat in/out group member differently in attribution, factors that explained the loss of a candidate in Taiwan presidential election of 2000 were weighted by those who did and did not support the candidate in Study 2. It showed that out-group voters weighted dispositional factors more than the in-group voters for the failure of a candidate, which consisted with the so-called ultimate attribution error or, more general, the group-serving bias. Implications for attribution tendency of Chinese and the potential problems of cross culture studies are discussed.
期刊論文
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5.Triandis, H. C.、Bontempo, R.、Villareal, M. J.、Asai, M.、Lucca, N.(1988)。Individualisam and Collectivism: Cross-cultural Perspectives on Self-ingroup Relationships。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，54，323-338。  new window
6.李美枝(19930800)。內團體偏私的文化差異--中美大學生的比較。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，73，153-189。  延伸查詢new window
7.Oyserman, Daphna、Coon, Heather M.、Kemmelmeier, Markus(2002)。Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-analyses。Psychological Bulletin，128(1)，3-72。  new window
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12.Chiu, L. H.(1972)。A Cross-cultural Comparison of Cognitive Styles in Chinese and American Children。International Journal of Psychology，7(4)，235-242。  new window
13.Cheng, P. W.、Novick, L. R.(1990)。A Probabilistic contrast model of causal induction。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，58，545-567。  new window
14.Nam, K.、Cha, J.(1985)。A Test of Kelley's Cube Theory of Attribution: A Cross-culture Replication of McArthur's Study。Korean Social Science Journal，12，151-180。  new window
15.Muller, M. M.、Mackie, D. M.、Worth, L. T.、Allison, S. T.(1993)。Sequential Correspondence Biases and Perceptions of Change: The Castro Studies Revisited。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，19(2)，151-157。  new window
16.Choi, Incheol、Nisbett, Richard E.(1998)。Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-observer Bias。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，24(9)，949-960。  new window
17.Choi, I.、Nisbett, R. E.、Norenzayan, A.(1999)。Causal Attribution Across Cultures: Variation and Universality。Psychological Bulletin，125，47-63。  new window
18.Ji, L.、Peng, K.、Nisbett, R. E.(2000)。Culture, Control, and Perception of Relationship in the Environment。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，78，943-955。  new window
19.Jones, E. E.、Davis, K. E.(1965)。A Theory of Correspondent Inferences: From Acts to Dispositions。Advances in Experimental Social Psychology，2，219-266。  new window
20.Jones, E. E.、Harris, V. A.(1967)。The Attribution of Attitudes。Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，3，1-24。  new window
21.Krull, D. S.、Loy, M. H.、Lin, J.、Wang, C.、Chen, S.、Zhao, X.(1999)。The Fundamental Attribution Error: Correspondence Bias in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，25，1208-1219。  new window
22.Kwan, V.、Bond, M.、Boucher, H.、Maslach, C.、Gan, Y.(2002)。The Construct of Individuation: More Complex in Collectivist Than in Individualist Cultures。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，28(3)，300-310。  new window
23.Lee, F.、Hallahan, M.、Herzog, T.(1996)。Explaining Real Life Events: How Culture and Domain Shape Attributions。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，22，732-741。  new window
24.Masuda, T.、Nisbett, R. E.(2001)。Attending Holistically Versus Analytically: Comparing the Context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，81，922-934。  new window
25.McArthur, L. Z.(1972)。The How and What of Why: Some Determinants and Consequences of Causal Attribution。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，22，171-193。  new window
26.Menon, T.、Morris, M. W.、Chiu, C.-Y.、Hong, Y.-Y.(1999)。Culture and the Construal of Agency: Attribution to Individual versus Group Dispositions。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，76(5)，701-717。  new window
27.Miller, A. G.、Jones, E. E.、Hinkle, S.(1981)。A Robust Attribution Error in the Personality Domain。Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，17，587-600。  new window
28.Miyamoto, Y.、Kitayama, S.(2002)。Cultural Variation in Correspondence Bias: The Critical Role of Attitude Diagnosticity of Socially Constrained Behavior。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，83，1239-1248。  new window
29.Mullen, B.、Riordan, C. A.(1988)。Self-serving Attributions for Performance in Naturalistic Settings: A Meta-analysis Review。Journal of Applied Social Psychology，12，3-23。  new window
30.Nisbett, R. E.、Borgida, E.(1975)。Attribution and the Psychology of Prediction。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，32，932-943。  new window
31.Orvis, B. R.、Chunningham, J. D.、Kelley, H. H.(1975)。A Closer Examination of Causal Inference: The Roles of Consensus, Distinctiveness, and Consistency Information。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，32，605-616。  new window
32.Pettigrew, Thomas F.(1979)。The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，5(4)，461-476。  new window
33.Pruitt, D. J.、Insko, C. A.(1980)。Extension of the Kelley Attribution Model: The Role of Comparisonobject Consensus, Target-object Consensus, Distinctiveness, and Consistency。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，39，39-58。  new window
34.Webster, D. M.(1993)。Motivated Augmentation and Reduction of the Overattribution Bias。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，65(2)，261-271。  new window
35.Norenzayan, A.、Choi, I.、Nisbett, R. E.(2002)。Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Inference: Evidence from Behavioral Predictions and Lay Theories of Behavior。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，28(1)，109-120。  new window
36.Jones, E. E.、Davis, K. E.、Gergen, K. J.(1961)。Role Playing Variations and Their Informational Value for Person Perception。Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology，63(2)，302-310。  new window
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學位論文
1.任純慧(2003)。社會期望性與特定情境訊息對華人歸因行為的影響，0。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Schank, Roger C.、Abelson, Robert P.(1977)。Scripts, plans, goals and understanding。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
2.Goffman, Erving(1974)。Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience。Cambridge：Harvard University Press。  new window
3.Triandis, H. C.(1995)。Individualisim and Collectivism。Boulder CO：Westview Press。  new window
4.Bartlett, Frederic Charles(1932)。Remembering: A Study in Experimental and social Psychology。Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Heider, Fritz(1958)。The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations。John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。  new window
6.Stevenson, Harold W.、Stigler, James W.(1992)。The Learning Gap: Why Our Schools Are Failing and What We Can Learn from Japanese and Chinese Education。Touchstone Books。  new window
7.Nisbett, Richard E.、Ross, Lee(1980)。Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment。Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey：Prentice-Hall。  new window
8.Kelley, H. H.(1972)。Attribution in Social Interaction。Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior。Morristown, NJ：General Learning Press。  new window
9.Smith, P.、Bond, M. H.(1994)。Social Psychology across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives。Social Psychology across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives。Boston, MA。  new window
10.Minsky, Marvin(1975)。A framework for representating knowledge。The Psychology of Computer Vision。New York, NY。  new window
11.Bond, M. H.(1983)。A Proposal for Cross-cultural Studies of Attribution Processes。Attribution theory: Social and Applied Extensions。Oxford。  new window
圖書論文
1.Ross, L.(1977)。The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process。Advances in experimental social psychology。New York：Academic Press。  new window
2.Kelley, H. H.(1967)。Attribution Theory in Social Psychology。Nebraska symposium on motivation。University of Nebraska Press。  new window
3.Hewstone, M.、Jaspars, J. M. F.(1982)。Intergroup Relations and Attribution Process。Social Identity and Intergroup Relations。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.Jones, E. E.、Nisbett, R. E.(1972)。The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior。Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior。Morristown, NJ：General Learning Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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