English Speakers and the Asymmetrical Matrix-Embedded Null Subjects in L2 Chinese_

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題名：	English Speakers and the Asymmetrical Matrix-Embedded Null Subjects in L2 Chinese
書刊名：	Concentric: Studies in Linguistics
作者：	江丕賢
作者(外文)：	Kong, Stano
出版日期：	2007
卷期：	33:2
頁次：	頁23-52
主題關鍵詞：	零主詞；差異；參數設定理論；關鍵時期；Null subjects；Asymmetry；Parameters；Critical period
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(7) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:2 共同引用:0 點閱:57

這份研究以第二語言習得框架下的「原則與參數理論」中的「參數
設定理論」為切入點，去探討：以英語為母語，中文為第二語的語言學
習者在中文中零主詞的習得，並著手解釋，以中文為母語者，和以英文
為母語者，其習得上的差異性。在現下的研究中，根據一個關於中文零
主詞語料的傾向測試中發現，第二語言習得者，趨於使用零主詞的頻率
和語言程度的優劣成正比。那些研究也顯示，以中文為第二語的語言習
得者，包含程度較高者，在習得從屬子句中的零主詞所遇到的困難度，
比在學習主要子句中的零主詞要高。這樣的研究結果支持了Tsimpli 和
Roussou 在1991 年與Smith 和Tsimpli 在1995 年的研究中所聲稱的：與
功能性範疇相關的語言參數值，對於年齡超過「關鍵時期」的第二語學
習者之第二語言重新建構是無效的。在本研究中更強調，「主題冠」，
一個普遍化的語言屬性，可能會嘉惠於第二語言習得者。

以文找文

This study looks at the interpretation of null subjects in L2 Chinese by adult L1
English speakers and sets out to explain the divergence between non-native speakers and
native speakers in relation to parameter-resetting in SLA within the framework of
Principles and Parameters. Findings in the current study, based on a preference test of null
subject-related Chinese properties, show that second language speakers’ use of null
arguments increases with proficiency. They also suggest that L2 Chinese learners,
advanced speakers included, have difficulty with the acquisition of null embedded
subjects more so than with null matrix subjects. The results support the claim made by
Tsimpli and Roussou (1991) and Smith and Tsimpli (1995) that parameter values
associated with functional categories are inaccessible to L2 learners after the critical
period. It is argued that the “topichood” being a generalised property may have
contributed to the L2 divergence found in the study.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Hawkins, Roger、Chan, Yuet Hung Cecilia(1997)。The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: the 'failed functional features hypothesis'。Second Language Research，13(3)，187-226。
2.	Yuan, B. P.(1997)。Asymmetry of null subjects and null objects in Chinese speakers' L2 English。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，19(4)，467-497。
3.	Yuan, Boping(1998)。Interpretation of binding and orientation of the Chinese reflexive ziji by English and Japanese speakers。Second Language Research，14(4)，324-340。
4.	Kong, S.(2005)。The partial access of universal grammar in second language acquisition: an investigation of the acquisition of English subjects by LI Chinese speakers。Journal of East Asian Linguistics，14，227-265。
5.	Tsimpli, Ianthi-Maria、Roussou, Anna(1991)。Parameter-resetting in L2?。UCL Working Papers in Linguistics，3，149-170。
6.	Johnson, J. S.、Newport, E. L.(1991)。Critical period effects on universal properties of language: The use of subjacency in the acquisition of English as a second language。Cognition，39，215-258。
7.	Johnson, J. S.、Newport, E. L.(1989)。Critical Period Effects in Second Language Learning: The Influence of Maturational State on the Acquisition of English as a Second Language。Cognitive Psychology，21(1)，60-99。
8.	Birdsong, David(1992)。Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition。Language，68(4)，706-755。
9.	Schwartz, Bonnie D.、Sprouse, Rex A.(1996)。L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model。Second Language Research，12(1)，40-72。
10.	Rizzi, Luigi(1986)。Null objects in Italian and the theory of pro。Linguistic Inquiry，17(3)，501-557。
11.	Huang, Cheng-Teh James(1984)。On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns。Linguistic Inquiry，15(4)，531-574。
12.	Lardiere, D.(1998)。Case and tense in the 'fossilized' staedy state。Second Language Research，14，1-26。
13.	Prevost, P.、White, L.(2000)。Missing surface inflection or impairment in SLA? Evidence from tense and agreement。Second Language Research，16，103-133。
14.	Beck, Maria-Luise(1998)。L2 acquisition and obligatory head movement: Englishspeaking learners of German and the local impairment hypothesis。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，20，311-348。
15.	Polio, Charlene(1995)。The use of zero pronouns by nonnative speakers of Chineseand the implication for the acquisition of nominal reference。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，17，353-377。
16.	Roebuck, Regina F.、Martinez-Arbelaiz, Maria A.、Perez-Silva, Jorge I.(1999)。Null subjects, filled CPs and L2 acquisition。Second Language Research，15，251-282。
17.	Sorace, Antonella(1993)。Incomplete vs. divergent representations of unaccusativity in non-native grammars of Italian。Second Language Research，9，22-47。
18.	Wakabayashi, Shigenori(2002)。The acquisition of non-null subjects in English: A minimalist account。Second Language Research，18，28-71。

圖書
1.	Smith, Neil V.、Tsimpli, Ianthi-maria(1995)。The Mind of A Savant: Language Learning and Modularity。Oxford：Blackwell。
2.	葉彩燕(1995)。Interlanguage and Learnability: From Chinese to English。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。
3.	Heageman, Liliane(1991)。Introduction to Government and Binding Theory。Oxford/Cambridge。
4.	White, Lydia(1989)。Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。
5.	Chomsky, Noam(1986)。Knowledge of language: Its acture, origin and use。New York：Praeger。
6.	Chomsky, Noam(1981)。Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures。Foris Publications。
7.	Chomsky, Noam(1995)。The minimalist program。MIT Press。
8.	Borer, Hagit(1983)。Parametric Syntax: Case Studies in Semantic and Romance Languages。Parametric Syntax: Case Studies in Semantic and Romance Languages。Dordrecht。
9.	Chomsky, Noam(1991)。Some notes on economy of derivation and presentation。Principles and parameters in comparative grammar。Cambridge, MA。
10.	Haegeman, Liliane(1994)。Introduction to Governing and Binding Theory。Introduction to Governing and Binding Theory。Oxford。
11.	Hawkins, Roger(2001)。Second Language Syntax: A Generative Introduction。Oxford：Blackwell。
12.	Ritchie, William、Bhatia, Tej(1996)。Second language acquisition: Introduction, foundation, and overview。Handbook of Second Language Acquisition。New York。
13.	Schwartz, Bonnie D.、Sprouse, Rex A.(1994)。Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage。Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar。Amsterdam。
14.	Wakabayashi, Shigenori(2002)。Implications of parametric variation for adult second language acquisition: An investigation of pro-drop parameter。Experimental Approaches to Second Language Acquisition。London。

其他
1.	Chomsky, Noam(1988)。Some notes on the economy of derivation and representation。

圖書論文
1.	Phinney, Marianne(1987)。The Pro-Drop Parameter in Second Language Acquisition。Parameter Setting。Dordrecht：Reidel。
2.	Jaeggli, Osvaldo、Safir, Kenneth(1989)。The Null Subject Parameter and Parameter Theory。The Null Subject Parameter。Dordrecht：Kluwer。

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