Frontier Exceptionalism: The Representation of Nature and Race in Thomas Cole's Art and PBS's “Frontier House”_

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題名：	Frontier Exceptionalism: The Representation of Nature and Race in Thomas Cole's Art and PBS's “Frontier House”
書刊名：	Tamkang Review
作者：	Chung, Tzu-i
出版日期：	2008
卷期：	39:1
頁次：	頁67-94
主題關鍵詞：	邊境；環境；藝術；媒體；再現；生態論述；自然與文化；Frontier；Environment；Art；Media；Representation；Ecocriticism；Nature and culture
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:34

本文對比觀照托馬斯‧科爾(Thomas Cole)繪畫作品與2002年美國公共電視節目「邊境小屋」中邊境自然的觀點，藉以顯現出在十九世紀初期與千禧年交替變化最劇烈的階段中，邊境自然之文化建構與美國自然環境之間的關係。不論是科爾描繪邊境的畫作，或是美國公共電視的該節目，都吸引了廣大的觀眾，驗證了當代觀眾對邊境生活及原始自然的想望。我將探討科爾的藝術表現與「邊境小屋」節目中的普遍視野：邊境作為過去與現在的交會之地，一個既富爭議又帶來和諧的地方。個人主張，兩者對觀眾的吸引力來自於這兩種自然的視野，針對文明演變中，環境的迅速變遷所造成文化與自然之間的衝突，所提供的解決之道。兩者鑒於環境問題困局之觀點，既與工業化前的世界產生鄉愁的共感，同時也認同現有的物質安逸及工業進步；既維護現狀，亦確立了讓征服自然成為可能的基礎架構。因此本文將探討生態論述中跨領域的各種可能，同時也揭示新奇的結論：自然與文化的關係中，過去與現在所處的困境之間的清楚關連性。本文同時也證實了，在美國生活型態中，邊境是一個保有持續魅力及爭議之所在。

以文找文

In this paper, I juxtapose and connect the vision of nature on the fron-tier in Thomas Cole's paintings and that in the 2002 PBS program Frontier House. In doing so, this paper reveals the relationships between the cultural construction of nature on frontier and its referent, America's natural environment, at its most dramatic transformative stages during the early nine-teenth century and at the turn of the millennium. At those transformative moments, Cole's frontier paintings and the PBS program each attracted large contemporary audiences as they spoke to their audiences' imagination of and aspirations to the frontier and its backdrop of pristine nature. I explore the popular visions of the frontier in Cole's artistic expression and in the PBS program as a contested and a reconciling place where past and present meet. The appeal of both visions of nature in Cole's frontier paintings and the PBS Frontier House for their contemporary audiences, I argue, comes from their proposed solutions to the conflicts between nature and culture when environ-ment was rapidly transformed by the progress of civilization. Both visions resonate with the nostalgia for a pre-industrialized world, while they simulta-neously endorse the contemporary material comfort and industrial improve-ment in light of the environmental hardships, thereby upholding the status quo and the infrastructure that made the conquest of nature possible. This paper thus explores the interdisciplinary possibilities in the field of ecocriticism, reveals curious results about the clear link between the past and present pre-dicaments in the relationships between nature and culture, and testifies to the frontier as a contested place of both lasting charm and continuing dispute in the American lives.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Rosaldo, Renato(1989)。Imperialist Nostalgia。Representations，26，107-122。
2.	Oppermann, Serpil(2006)。Theorizing Ecocriticism: Toward a Postmodern Ecocritical Practice。ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment，13(2)，103-128。
3.	Ponieqozik, James(2002)。Yo, Pioneers! Realities of the 19th and 21st Centuries Collide on PBS。Time，159(18)，69。
4.	Peyser, Marc(2002)。Prairie Home Companions。Newsweek，139(17)，76-77。
5.	Martin, James(2003)。Reality and Morality。America，188，21-23。
6.	Conover, Kristen A.(1999)。Hudson Artists saw America as a Paradise。The Christian Science Monitor，91(93)，20。
7.	Wrobel, David M.(2003)。Film and Electronic Media Reviews: Frontier House。The Public Historian，25(3)，147-150。
8.	Steward, Doug(2002)。Home on the Range。Smithsonian，33(2)，40-48。

圖書
1.	Miller, Perry(1956)。Errand into the Wilderness。New York：Harper Torchbooks。
2.	Kolodny, Annette(1975)。The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters。The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters。Chapel Hill。
3.	Nelson, Dana D.(1998)。National Manhood--Capitalist Citizenship and the Imagined Fraternity of White Men。Durham：Duke UP。
4.	Miller, Perry(1967)。Nature’s Nation。Nature's Nation。Cambridge：Harvard UP。
5.	Gaard, Greta(1993)。Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature。Philadelphia, Pennsylvania：Temple University Press。
6.	Adamson, Joni、Evans, Mei Mei、Stein, Rachel(2002)。The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy。Tucson, AZ：University of Arizona Press。
7.	Gaard, Greta、Murphy, Patrick D.(1998)。Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy。U of Illinois P。
8.	Jameson, Fredric、Miyoshi, Masao(1998)。The Cultures of Globalization。Duke University Press。
9.	Bender, Thomas(2002)。Rethinking American History in A Global Age。Berkeley, CA：University of California Press。
10.	Nash, Roderick(1982)。Wilderness and the American Mind。Yale UP。
11.	Adamson, Joni(2001)。American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place。Tucson：The U of Arizona P。
12.	Haraway, Donna Jeanne(1990)。Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature。Routledge。
13.	Smithson, Isaiah(2000)。Thoreau, Thomas Cole, and Asher Durand: Composing the American Landscape。Thoreau's Sense of Place: Essays in American Environmental Writing。
14.	Smith, Henry Nash(1978)。Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth。Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth。Cambridge。
15.	Scheckel, Susan(1998)。The Insistence of the Indian: Race and Nationalism in the Nineteenth-Century American Culture。The Insistence of the Indian: Race and Nationalism in the Nineteenth-Century American Culture。Princeton。
16.	Parry III, Ellwood C.(1998)。The Art of Thomas Cole: Ambition and Imagination。The Art of Thomas Cole: Ambition and Imagination。Newark。
17.	Novak, Barbara(1980)。Nature and Culture: American landscape and painting, 1825-1875。Nature and Culture: American landscape and painting, 1825-1875。NY。
18.	Miller, Angela(1993)。The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics 1825-1875。The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics 1825-1875。Ithaca。
19.	McNulty, J. Bard(1983)。The Correspondence of Thomas Cole and Daniel Wadsworth: letters in the Watkinson Library, Trinity College, Hartford, and in the New York State Library, Albany, New York。The Correspondence of Thomas Cole and Daniel Wadsworth: letters in the Watkinson Library, Trinity College, Hartford, and in the New York State Library, Albany, New York。Hartford, Connecticut。
20.	Merritt, Howard S.(1969)。Thomas Cole。Thomas Cole。N. Y.。
21.	Marx, Leo(2000)。The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral ideal in America。The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral ideal in America。New York。
22.	Boime, Albert(1991)。The Magisterial Gaze: Manifest Destiny and American Landscape Painting, 1830-1865。The Magisterial Gaze: Manifest Destiny and American Landscape Painting, 1830-1865。Washington。
23.	Cole, Thomas(1980)。The Collected Essays and Prose Sketches。The Collected Essays and Prose Sketches。St. Paul, MN。
24.	Flexner, James Thomas(1998)。Random Harvest。Random Harvest。NY。
25.	Grossman, James R.、White, Richard、Limerick, Patricica Nelson、Newberry Library(1994)。The Frontier in American Culture: An Exhibition at the Newberry Library, August 26, 1994-January 7, 1995。The Frontier in American Culture: An Exhibition at the Newberry Library, August 26, 1994-January 7, 1995。Berkeley。
26.	Herzogenrath, Bernd(2001)。From Virgin Land to Disney World: Nature and Its Discontents in the U. S. A. of Yesterday and Today。From Virgin Land to Disney World: Nature and Its Discontents in the U. S. A. of Yesterday and Today。Amsterdam/New York。
27.	Youngs, Gillian(2000)。Political Economy, and the Body: Global Perspectives。Political Economy, and the Body: Global Perspectives。NY。
28.	Cole, Thomas(1980)。The Collected Essays and Prose Sketches。The Collected Essays and Prose Sketches。St. Paul, MN。
29.	Turner, Frederick Jackson(1963)。The Significance of the Frontier in American History。The Significance of the Frontier in American History。NY。
30.	Truettner, William H.、Wallach, Alan(1994)。Thomas Cole: Landscape into History。Thomas Cole: Landscape into History。New Haven。
31.	Truettner, William H.(1991)。The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920。The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920。Washington/London。
32.	Stein, Rachel(1997)。Shifting the Ground: American Women Writers' Revisions of Nature。Shifting the Ground: American Women Writers' Revisions of Nature。Charlottesville, VA。
33.	Slovic, Scott(2000)。Ecocriticism: Containing Multitudes, Practicing Doctrine。The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism。London：Routledge。

其他
1.	Saben, Mark。The Project: The Search。
2.	Brown, Nicholas Roether，Chermayeff, Maro(2002)。Frontier House，New York。
3.	Description of Thomas Cole's View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm (The Oxbow), 1836。
4.	Johns, Joshua。Nature and the American Identity。

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