覆罩的異國情調：雪潤．內夏特(Shirin Neshat)早期的女性攝影作品_

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題名：	覆罩的異國情調：雪潤．內夏特(Shirin Neshat)早期的女性攝影作品
書刊名：	臺灣社會研究季刊
作者：	吳金桃
作者(外文)：	Wu, Chin-tao
出版日期：	2009
卷期：	76
頁次：	頁217-276
主題關鍵詞：	雪潤．內夏特；罩頭的女人；罩身的女人；殖民主義；東方主義；穆斯林女性再現；頭罩；身罩；Shirin Neshat；Veiled women；Colonialism；Orientalism；Representation of Muslim women；Veil
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:4 點閱:89

本文探討的焦點是雪潤．內夏特早期的攝影作品，這些作品在歐美藝術圈的體制（包括美術館及雙年展的機制）中展出後，便備受矚目，使得內夏特在短短幾年之間於西方藝術圈迅速竄紅。本文欲從她作品中對於女性的呈現，尤其是一系列關於伊朗革命女性的攝影作品，藉由關於罩頭／罩身的女人（veiled women）圖像，來探討這個充滿東方主義色彩的穆斯林女性刻板形象。本文以歷史性的角度，將罩頭／罩身的女人置於再現的視覺傳統中，一方面回顧早期東方主義窺視下的穆斯林女性再現，尤其是十九世紀末、二十世紀初期的攝影作品；另一方面則檢視在西方大眾媒體所呈現的穆斯林女性，以作為理解內夏特作品的歷史性脈絡。此外，本文也梳理了罩頭／罩身的女人於伊斯蘭文化中的意義，在不同的歷史時期，其背後所指涉的意義也不盡相同。在東方主義論述與伊斯蘭文化脈絡的對照下，筆者認為，內夏特作品中的穆斯林婦女具有某種能動性（agency），不論是（對西方觀者無效的）詩文的表達、或只是行動的暗示、或主動的回看觀者，與觀者的眼神對視，甚至是以軍事的形式挑戰西方的觀者，這些都無非在賦予作品中女主角一種主體性，而非只是如過去一般是個被觀看的客體。內夏特作品中罩頭／罩身的女人不只「被看」、不只「觀看」，同時也要求觀者以新的「眼力」「眼界」觀看之。

以文找文

Shirin Neshat’s early photographs have received wide acclaim ever since they made their debut on the European and American art scenes, and contributed to making Neshat a popular name in Western art circles in a matter of a few years. This paper focuses on the images of veiled women in these photographs, and offers a discussion of the stereotypes of Muslim women, and their Orientalist dimension, through a reading of the various means employed by Neshat to represent women, in particular Iranian female revolutionaries. From a historical perspective, this paper situates veiled women in the traditional visual context of representation. A second section is structured on two themes: 1) revisiting the representation of veiled Muslim women under the gaze of early Orientalism, most notably in the photographs of late nineteenthand early twentieth- century colonial postcards; and 2) examining the presentation of Muslim women in Western media in an attempt to understand the genealogy of Neshat’s work. In a third section, I endeavour to disentangle the various meanings of veiled women in different phases of Islamic history. At the juncture between Orientalist discourse and Islamic history, I argue that under Neshat’s lens Muslim women do in fact possess agency. By using poetry (Persian inscriptions unknown to Westerners), by insinuating a potential for action, by showing her subjects deliberately gazing straight back at the spectator, or defying Western viewers by holding guns in their hands, Neshat succeeds in attributing subjectivity to the female protagonist, thus abolishing her traditional status as objectified spectacle. The veiled women in Neshat’s work are not merely rendered as the seen or the seeing, but they demand that the spectator looks at them from a new horizon and with new eyes.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	何偉業(20060600)。穆斯林面紗的爭議。二十一世紀，95，92-102。延伸查詢
2.	Naeem, A.(2004)。Shirin Neshat's Women of Allah Series: The Differentiation and Degeneracy of Islam。Chicago Art Journal，14，2-17。
3.	Johnson, F. E.(1914)。Here and There in Northern Africa。National Geographic，25(1)，1-132。
4.	Goodman, J.(1998)。Poetic Justice。World Art，16，48-53。
5.	Bertucci, L.(1997)。Shirin Neshat: Eastern Values。Flash Art，30(197)，84-87。
6.	Cichocki, N.(2004)。Veils, Poems, Guns and Martyrs: Four Themes of Muslim Women's Experiences in Shirin Neshat's Photographic Work。Thirdspace，4(1)，47-65。
7.	Delany, S.(1991)。Twilight in the Rue Morgue。Transition，54，36-56。
8.	Sheybani, S.(1999)。Women of Allah: A Conversation with Shirin Neshat。Michigan Quarterly Review，38(2)，204-216。
9.	Varzi, R.(2008)。Iran's Pieta: Motherhood, Sacrifice and Film in the Aftermath of the Iran-Iraq War。Feminist Review，88，86-98。
10.	Ramazani, N.(1980)。Behind the Veil: Status of Women in Revolutionary Iran。Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies，4(2)，27-36。
11.	Schick, I. C.(1990)。Representing Middle Eastern Women: Feminism and Colonial Discourse。Feminist Studies，16(2)，345-380。
12.	Alireza, M.(1987)。Women of Saudi Arabia。National Geographic，172(4)，422-453。
13.	Alishan, L.(1982)。Tachreh Saffarzadeh: From the Wasteland to the Imam。Iranian Studies，15(1-4)，181-210。
14.	d'Haenens, L.、Bink, S.(2006)。Islam in the Dutch Press; with Sprcial Attention to the Algemeen Dagblad。Media, Culture and Society，29(1)，135-149。
15.	Higgins, P.(1985)。Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal, Social and Ideological Changes。Signs，10(3)，477-494。
16.	Neshat, S.(2005)。Iranian Thaw: Mediator of Hope。The Art Newspaper，158，35。
17.	Niazmand, H.(2005)。Neshatm the Friendly Other。Fuse Magazine，28(1)，17-20。
18.	Schwabsky, B.(1995)。Shirin Neshat: Anniana Nosei Gallery。ArtForum，34(4)，88。
19.	Sorkin, J.(1999)。Veiled Truths。Art Monthly，230，26-27。
20.	Stanger, T.(1987)。Iraq against the Wall: The Long Golf War toward Tehran。Newsweek，109(6)，14-15。
21.	Tabari, A.(1980)。The Enigma of Veiled Iranian Women。Feminist Review，5，19-31。
22.	Wallach, A.(2001)。Shirin Neshat: Islamic Couterpoints。Art in America，89(10)，136-143。
23.	Wallach, A.(2006)。Missed Signals。American Art，20(2)，126-133。
24.	Wu, C.(2007)。World Apart: Problems of Interpreting Globalised Art。Third Text，21(6)，719-731。
25.	Schwabsky, B.(1995)。Shirin Neshat: Annina Nosei Gallery。Artforum，34(4)，88。
26.	Sorkin, J.(1999)。Veiled Truths。Art Monthly，230，26-27。
27.	Stanger, T.(1987)。Iraq against the Wall: The Long Golf War Tilts toward Tehran。Newsweek，109(6)，14-15。
28.	Tabari, A.(1980)。The Enigma of Veiled Iranian Women。Feminist Review，5，19-31。
29.	Traynor, I.(2004)。Dutch Liberalism Stares into a Troubled Future as Anti-Muslim Backlash Grows。The Guardian，November 13，19。
30.	Wallach, A.(2001)。Shirin Neshat: Islamic Counterpoints。Art in America，89(10)，136-143。
31.	Wallach, A.(2006)。Missed Signals。American Art，20(2)，126-133。
32.	Alireza, M.(1987)。Women of Saudi Arabia。National Geographic，172(4)，422-453。
33.	Alishan, L.(1982)。Tahereh Saffarzadeh: From the Wasteland to the Imam。Iranian Studies，15(1-4)，181-210。
34.	d’Haenens L.、Bink S.(2006)。Islam in the Dutch Press; with Special Attention to the Algemeen Dagblad。Media, Culture and Society，29(1)，135-149。
35.	Higgins, P.(1985)。Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal, Social and Ideological Changes。Signs，10(3)，477-494。
36.	Leventis, A.(2006)。Home Truths。Modern Painters，May，88-93。
37.	Linklater, A.(2005)。Danger Woman。The Guardian，May 17，2。
38.	Niazmand, H.(2005)。Neshat, the Friendly Other。Fuse Magazine，28(1)，17-20。
39.	Wu, C.(2007)。Worlds Apart: Problems of Interpreting Globalised Art。Third Text，21(6)，719-731。

學位論文
1.	Henderson, B.(1998)。Reversing the Lens: Voices and Images of Iranian Women，New York。
2.	Henderson, B.(1998)。Reversing the Lens: Voices and Images of Iranian Women，New York。

圖書
1.	Milani, Farzaneh(1992)。Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers。Syracuse, NY：Syracuse University Press。
2.	El Guindi, Fadwa(1999)。Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance。Berg。
3.	M. Godzich、W. Godzich, (Trans.)；Alloula, M.(1986)。The Colonial Harem。Minneapolis, MN：The University of Minnesota Press。
4.	Bonami, F., Dabashi, H.,、Zaya, O.(1997)。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allah。Vancouver, Canada：Artspeak Gallery。
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17.	Betteridge, A.(1983)。To Veil or Not to Veil: A Matter of Protest or Policy。Women and Revolution in Iran。Boulder, CO。
18.	Bonami, F.、Dabashi, H.、Zaya, O.(1997)。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allah。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allah。Turin, Italy。
19.	Chancy-Smith, J.(1998)。Islam, Gender, and Identities in the Making of French Algeria, 1830-1962。Domesticating the empire: race, gender, and family life in French and Dutch colonialism。Charlottesville。
20.	Dabashi, H.(2005)。Transcending the Boundaries of an Imaginative Geography。Shirin Neshat: The Last Word。Milan, Edizioni Charta and Leon, Spain。
21.	Donmez-Colin, G.(2004)。Women, Islam and Cinema。Women, Islam and Cinema。London。
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23.	Graham-Brown, S.(1988)。Images of Woman: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle-East 1860-1950。Images of Woman: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle-East 1860-1950。New York。
24.	Haeri, S.(1994)。Temporary Marriage: An Islamic Discourse on Female Sexuality in Iran。The Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-revolution Iran。Syracuse, NY。
25.	Kar, M.(2001)。Women's Strstegies in Iran from the 1979 Revolution to 1999。Globalization, Gender, and Religion。New York and Basingstoke, UK。
26.	Keddie, N.(2003)。Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution。Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution。New Haven, CT and London。
27.	Larson, J.(1997)。What If the Object Should Shoot?-"Women of Allah" as Veiled Criticism。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allah。Vancouver, Canada。
28.	Leventis, A.(2006)。Home Truths。Modern Painters。
29.	Macdonald, S.(2005)。A Critical Cinema 4: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers。A Critical Cinema 4: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers。Berkeley and Los Ageles, CA。
30.	Melkonian, N.、Wendt, S.(1999)。Shirin Neshat. Hovikodden。Shirin Neshat. Hovikodden。Norway。
31.	Mir-Hosseini, Z.(1996)。Women and Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran: Divorce。Women and Politics in the Third World。London and New York。
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34.	Ramamurthy, A.(2000)。Constructions of Illusion: Photography and Commodity Culture。Photography: A Critical Introduction。London。
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42.	Zaya, O.(1997)。Bounds of Desire, Zones of Contention。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allab。Turin, Italy。
43.	Shadid, W. A.,、van Koningsveld, P. S.(2002)。Religious Freedom and the Neutrality of the State: The Position of Islam in the European Union。Leuven, Belgium。
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45.	Tabari, A.,、Yeganeh, N.(1982)。In the Shadow of Islam: The Women’s Movement in Iran。London。
46.	Tohidi, N.(1994)。Modernity, Islamization, and Women in Iran。Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies。London and New Jersey。
47.	Ware, V.(1992)。Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History。New York。
48.	Afshar, H.(1998)。Islam and Feminisms: An Iranian Case-study。Basingstoke, UK。
49.	Bailey, D. A.,、Tawadros, G.(2003)。Veil: Veiling, Representation and Contemporary Art.。London/UK。
50.	Benjamin, R.(1997)。Orientalism: Delacroix to Klee。Sydney, Australia。
51.	Benjamin, R.(2003)。Orientalist aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and North Africa 1880-1930。Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA。
52.	Betteridge, A.(1983)。To Veil or Not to Veil: A Matter of Protest or Policy。Women and Revolution in Iran。Boulder, CO。
53.	Chancy-Smith, J.(1998)。Islam, Gender, and Identities in the Making of French Algeria,1830-1962。Domesticating the Empire: Race,Gender, and Family Life in French and Dutch Colonialism。Charlottesville,VA and London。
54.	Dabashi, H.(2005)。Transcending the Boundaries of an Imaginative Geography。Shirin Neshat: The Last Word。Milan/Spain。
55.	Dönmez-Colin G.(2004)。Women, Islam and Cinema。London。
56.	El Guindi, F.(1999)。Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance。Oxford, UK：Berg。
57.	Esposito, J.(2002)。What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam。Oxford, UK。
58.	Graham-Brown, S.(1988)。Images of Women: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860-1950。New York。
59.	Haeri, S.(1994)。Temporary Marriage: An Islamic Discourse on Female Sexuality in Iran。In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-revolutionary Iran。Syracuse, NY。
60.	M. Tohidi、Kar, M.(2001)。Women’s Strategies in Iran from the 1979 Revolution to 1999。Globalization, Gender, and Religion。New York and Basingstoke, UK。
61.	Keddie, N.(2003)。Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution。New Haven, CT and London。
62.	Larson, J.(1997)。What If the Object Should Shoot?—“Women of Allah” as Veiled Criticism。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allah。Vancouver, Canada。
63.	MacDonald, S.(2005)。A Critical Cinema 4: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers。Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA。
64.	Melkonian, N.、Wendt, S.(1999)。Shirin Neshat。Høvikodden。Norway。
65.	Mir-Hosseini, Z.(1996)。Women and Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran: Divorce, Veiling and Emerging Feminist Voices。Women and Politics in the Third World。London and New York。
66.	Mir-Hosseini, Z.(1999)。Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran。Princeton, NJ。
67.	Nashat, G.(1983)。Women in Pre-revolutionary Iran: A Historical Overview。Women and Revolution in Iran。Boulder, CO。
68.	Price, D.(2000)。Surveyors and Surveyed: Photography Out and About。Photography: A Critical Introduction。London and New York。
69.	Ramamurthy, A.(2000)。Constructions of Illusion: Photography and Commodity Culture。Photography: A Critical Introduction。London and New York。
70.	Richardson, J.(2004)。(Mis)Representing Islam: The Racism and Rhetoric of British Broadsheet Newspapers。Amsterdam and Philadelphia。
71.	Williams. G.(2000)。Shirin Neshat。Shirin Neshat [Leaflet]。London。
72.	Yeganeh, N.(1982)。Women’s Struggles in the Islamic Republic of Iran。In the Shadow of Islam。London。
73.	Zaya, O.(1997)。Bounds of Desire, Zones of Contention (Islam, Women and the Veil)。Shirin Neshat: Women of Allah。Turin, Italy。

其他
1.	Alloula, A.。The Observer。
2.	Lamoree, J.。Werd Hirsi Ali geinspireerd door Neshat?。
3.	Linklater, A.(2005)。Danger Woman，UK。
4.	Traynor, I.(2004)。Dutch Liberalism Stares unto a Troubled Furure as Anti-Muslim Backlash Grows，UK。

圖書論文
1.	Shohat, E.(1993)。Gender and Culture of Empire: Toward a Feminist Ethnography of the Cinema。Otherness and the Media: The Ethnography of the Imagined and the Imaged。Langhorne, PA：Harwood Academic。
2.	Price, Derrick(2000)。Surveyors and Surveyed: Photography Out and About。Photography: A Critical Introduction。Routledge。

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