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| 2. | Blue Chip Stamps v(1975)。Manor Drug Stores。U. S，421，723。 |
| 3. | DuraPharm(2005)。Broudo。U.S，544，341-42。 |
| 4. | Merritt Fox(2005)。Demystifying Causation in Fraud-on-the~Market Actions。Bus. Law，60，511。 |
| 5. | John Coffee(2005)。Causation by Presumption? Why the Supreme Court Should Reject Phantom Losses and Reverse Broudo。Bus. Law，60，533。 |