􁙴􁕍􀵑􀶳􀿶􀮤􀑀􀱜􁇥􀏌􀑀􀎱􀇵􁇥􀏌􀰮􀽱􀞑􀞃􀝩􀇴􀢂􁅿􀩝􀨸􀞑􀻔􀯗􁇟􀙂􀇴 􀏌􀓕􀜭􀗚􀥺􀎋􀫓􁢀􁗺􀺎􁇟􀙂􀣁􀲄􁔈􀱜􁃴􀇴􀢂􀐰􀗚􀥺􁈡􀤾􀑜􀵨􀱛􁍕􀢎􁄬􀏉􀫈􀔖 􀜌􀗢􀶝􀇶􀒁􀐎􁔕􀯦􀰘􀢶􁚳􁀓􀒥􀭷􀜭􀙊􁡏􀞕􁝺􀭷􁘵􀞑􀱜􀺝􁏢􀇴􀯖􀫸􁙴􁕍􀵑􀶳􀞑 􁇟􀙂􀱜􀺝􀇶􀰘􀢶􁚳􁀓􀞑􀞕􁝺􀱜􀺝􁏢􀔖􀕱􀜭􀻺􀲍􀗎􀎢􁏢􀞑􀺾􁁡􀇴􀙠􀏌􀢂􀣁􀎑􀶓 􀶝􁡂􀭏􀏌􀛚􀞑􀱜􁃴􀔶􀮒􀞕􁛽􀞑􀭷􁘵􀡌􀒥􀓧􀒉􀡡􀏌􁡂􀞑􀹊􁃹􀽀􁛽􀎢􀇴􀳭􁊬􀞑􀞕 􁛽􁗨􀸅􁁲􀚉􀶯􁁹􀠼􁢀􀞑􁊱􀾗􀇴􀠅􀲥􁚆􀎓􀥺􀒓􀢲􁁸􀞑􀢲􀒓􀒓􀒓􀢲􀯃􀶳􀇴􀓢􀔜􀰘 􀢶􁚳􁀓􀏒􀐰􀗥􀕲􀮮􁍓􀽀􁀀􁃴􁈞􀎢􀢂􀔖􀈨􀙊􁡏􀈩􀞑􀭷􁘵􀇴􀢂􀎓􁜪􀐬􁡏􀗫􀎕􀐨􀣚 􀞑􀚀􁡏􀓸􀓧􀇴􀢂􀐰􀐴􀯖􀫸􀞑􁌄􀵎􀎨􀑅􀡴􁇟􀙂􀱜􀺝􀇶􀓢􀔜􀇴􀰘􀢶􁚳􁀓􀯖􀫸􁇟􀙂 􀞑􀐑􀔄􀎨􁆶􀎋􀫓􀜜􀺝􀚮􁚒􀞑􀏩􀝋􀏌􀓕􀇴􀐴􁜢􀏪􀞑􁇟􀙂􀓧􀗚􀥺􀐒􀮤􀒓􀢲􀞑􀏩 􀙦􀇴􀜌􀐰􁇟􀙂􀏌􀢂􀑑􀐰􀚰􀛓􀎠􀙰􀞑􁓉􁄊􁇟􀙂􀹈􁄬􀇴􀣬􀏸􀞑􁇟􀙂􀽮􁒿􀹱􀐬􁡏􀞑 􀙬􀒔􀔶􀗎􀔋􀚀􁡏􀞑􀯃􁃜􀫇􀹎􀔶􀕢􀣁􀐬􁡏􀞑􀟄􁁲􀇴􀎨􀵩􀢂􁇥􁇟􀙂􀕢􀣁􀐬􁡏􀞑􁃴 􁍬􀢲􀭏􀇴􀔋􀣁􁃴􁍬􀢲􀭏􀏍􀸧􀧖􀑀􀙰􀞑􀽥􀞑􀱛􀜄􀗎􀔄􀇴􁇟􀙂􀓕􀨔􀑅􀖖􀔖􀱛􁍕􁉫 􀥟􀚩􁃴􁍬􁉫􀥟􀇴􀣁􀐒􀡕􀞑􁃴􁍬􀢲􀭏􀟥􀩮􀞜􀻔􀇶􀰘􀢶􁚳􁀓􀭷􀜭􀤚􀼞􁅟􀱜􀺝􁏢􀞑 􁜢􁚶􀇴􁇡􁛽􀚉􁇟􀙂􀕢􀣁􀐬􁡏􀶔􀥊􀱜􁃴􀇴􀏂􀸅􀢂􀐬􁡏􀔾􀙊􀓸􀓧􁊳􀔄􀞑􀟄􁁲􀇴􀕠 􀢂􀵩􀓧􀰘􀢶􁚳􁀓􀮒􁇟􀙂􀒥􀭷􀓧􀞕􁝺􀞑􀭷􁘵􀎢􀇴􀐴􀎨􁝺􁃸􀚉􀳭􁅿􀵚􀭷􀜄􁊳􀔄􀞑 􁗦􁊁􀇴􁂽􀢂􀥛􀜭􀦚􀟃􀟄􁁲􀐬􁡏􀳕􀛓􀞑􀜌􀡰􀏣􀧒􀇴􀕠􀢂􀕢􀣁􀐬􁡏􀞑􀓸􀓧􁊳􀔄􀚁 􁃴􀵩􀢂􀴬􀳷􀜄􀞑􀱢􀞂􀇴􀏂􀿶􀺬􀑀􀦁􁡏􀐬􁡏􀞑􀟄􁁲􀇴􀜭􀢂􀐴􀥙􀽥􀖎􀔏􀪩􁆣􁅟􀹈 􁄬􀐬􁀀􁇟􀙂􁏢􀞑􀔋􀝀􀇴􀮒􁇟􀙂􀲄􁀦􀞑􁏹􀕢􁘜􀜭􀫈􀡰􀻔􀞑􀕢􀒔􀇴􀔋􀣁􀑑􀐰􀺬􀺫 􀬆􀾍􀨔􀚅􀞑􀔾􀐬􀹈􁄬􀇴􀔋􀣁􀟚􁜢􁇥􁁉􀐬􁡏􀦁􁡏􀩝􁉻􀜈􁇟􀙂􀢲􀭏􀞑􁇟􀙂􁆶􀞕􁝺􀒬􁙃􀞑􀓃􁡍􀞜􀻔􀇴􀙬􀮳􁃴􁍬􀞑􀥟􀓛􀔋􀣁􀑸􀤾􀇴􀙠􀐪􀑝􀫈􀓧􀏌􁘐􀺾􀕉􀞑􁃴􁍬􀢲 􀭏􀏍􁋴􀒥􀽀􁀀􀇶􀳭􁊬􀇴􁙴􁕍􀵑􀶳􀞑􁃹􁁉􀏌􀑝􀢂􁃹􀱜􀞃􀞑􀶔􀥊􀇴􁗋􀓧􀶔􀥊􀏍􀑅 􀖖􀐬􁡏􀯃􀽂􀓛􀡋􀞑􀏌􁅈􁆶􀶺􀡑􀇴􀢂􀗚􀥺􀑑􀐰􀏌􁘐􀞑􁘉􀐺􀇵􀸧􀧖􀇴􀵨􀗤􀒓􀚮􁙯 􁐒􀞑􀘔􀎲􀇶

Abstract Although psychological interrogation is still important in clinical therapy, the contemporary doctor does not pay attention to everything the patient says. In contemporary medical education, young doctors are taught to concentrate on symptoms that indicate bodily disorders. The problem is that patients and family members facing life and death situations often find it difficult to discuss their real feelings and needs. Dr. Zaner describes their discourse on such occasions as “indirect language.” It doesn’t directly correspond with reality. To handle such cases, we need to a new theory of language meaning that differs from the received correspondence theory. The present dissertation heeds insights from Merleau-Ponty’s celebrated phenomenology of perception in working out a new approach to language. Merleau-Ponty knew well that language is not merely a vehicle that human beings use to describe reality; our language also exhibits the perspective through which we view and describe reality. That is, it could be argued that the speaker’s language contains his or her feelings and desires􀉡qua body subject􀉡about the world. The speaker’s language is, to some extent, the embodiment of him or her qua body subject. Merleau-Ponty attempts to found language on perception, and thus to show that the speaker’s language use can be viewed as expressing what he or she originally intends to signify. Nonetheless, language also is a rational system, and thus expresses more than just what the individual speaker intends to say. Hence, Merleau-Ponty also incorporates Saussure’s structuralist linguistics on the recognition that language use is at the same time the effect of linguistic signifiers, and thus becomes an autonomous system, seemingly without origin. In this regard, language becomes irrelevant to the individual speaker’s personality or intended meanings; it creates an autonomous a priori space, i.e., a transpersonal meaning field. The present dissertation attempts to apply Merleau-Ponty’s hybrid theory of language use to the explanation and understanding of dialogue in clinical situation, which includes indirect language use that not only describes what facts and events but also express the speakers’ frustrations and expectations. This theory appears promising for casting light on such indirect dialogues which are indicators at turning points in people’s life.