Metaphorization and Metonymization : Diachronic Development of Verbs of Volition in Southern Min_

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題名：	Metaphorization and Metonymization : Diachronic Development of Verbs of Volition in Southern Min
書刊名：	Taiwan Journal of Linguistics
作者：	張妙霞
作者(外文)：	Chang, Miao-hsia
出版日期：	2009
卷期：	7:1
頁次：	頁53-83
主題關鍵詞：	閩南語；意願動詞；語法化；歷史演變；隱喻化；轉喻化；Southern Min；Verbs of volition；Grammaticalization；Diachronic development；Metaphorization；Metonymization
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:2 共同引用:0 點閱:62

本文研究閩南語意願動詞「愛」與「卜/欲」的歷史語意演變。本文語料包含明清時代歌仔戲文，十九世紀末至二十世紀初歌仔冊，以及當代閩南語口語自然語料。結果顯示，「愛」與「卜/欲」的語意演變可以十九世紀末至二十世紀初為界限，分為兩個階段：明清用法及當代用法。自明代迄今，「愛」最主要的語意為表達喜好，意願，或希望。在明清時代，「愛」亦可標記未來可能發生的動作或事件；然而，「愛」所指的未來事件僅限於不利談話者的事件；此用法在十九世紀末逐漸消失。現代閩南語中，「愛」發展出表達『需要』的語意；此功能用於標記後接的動作；同時，此動作通常是一般人所認同需要去從事的活動或動作。明清時代的「卜/欲」主要有七個用法：欲望/意願/希望，未來，過度，需要，接近，以及條件。在現代閩南語中，『欲望』的語意已少用於對實物的想望或需要，而主要用於後接主事者所欲從事的動作。以上「愛」與「卜/欲」的語意變化可說是受到隱喻化及轉喻化的交互作用所產生的演變。隱喻化主要促成「愛」與「卜/欲」由喜愛具體事物到從事某活動的意願；在此同時，「愛」與「卜/欲」也從動詞轉換為近似助動詞的用法。此外，「愛」與「卜/欲」也演化出『未來』的語意。轉喻化則主要促成因語境強化而形成的語意：過度（卜/欲），需要（愛與卜/欲），接近（卜/欲），條件（卜/欲），以及不利談話者的未來事件的標記（愛）。

以文找文

This paper investigates the diachrony of the verbs of volition ai and beh in Southern Min (SM). The data include historical SM texts (16th-19th century), folk songs in the late 19th to early 20th century, and contemporary natural Taiwanese Southern Min conversations. The results mainly mark two stages of the development of ai and beh: historical (before 1900) and contemporary SM. Since the 16th century (Ming Dynasty), ai has been used as a verb of volition indicating love, intention or hope. As for historical ai, it marked future, specialized however for predicting an adverse future. In contemporary SM, a sense of necessity emerged with the use of ai denoting general agreement among people. Seven senses are attributed to historical beh: want/intention/hope, future, excessiveness, necessity, proximity and conditionality. In contemporary SM, the indication of the want of an entity has become a less preferred use, and necessity is only preserved when indicating puzzlement and helplessness. The diachronic developments of ai and beh demonstrate an interplay of metaphorization and metonymization (Traugott and Dasher 2002:27). Metaphorization contributes first to the semantic shift of ai and beh from “to want; to love” to “to intend to” and a concurrent categorical change from lexical verb into auxiliary, and second, to the evolution of future. Metonymization activates an even wider range of uses and meaning change, including the pragmatic strengthening of interpretations such as excessiveness (beh), necessity (ai, beh), proximity (beh) and conditional (beh), and prediction of an undesirable future (ai).

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1989)。On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Example of Subjectification in Semantic Change。Language，65(1)，31-55。
2.	Cheng, Ying(2003)。Diachronic development of modal verbs: A comparative study of. Chinese dialects。臺灣語文研究，1(1)，109-144。
3.	De Smet, Hendrik(2005)。The case of like and love with the to-infinitive。Journal of English Linguistics，33(1)，3-34。

會議論文
1.	Bybee, Joan、Pagliuca, William(1987)。Papers from the Seventh International Conference on Historical Linguistics。Amsterdam/Phil.。109-122。
2.	張妙霞(1999)。Discourse and grammaticalization: A synchronic study of the Taiwanese modal verb。Taipei。387-407。
3.	Li, Cherry Ing(2001)。Minimization, conversational inference, and grammaticalization in Taiwanese Southern Min。Taipei。311-331。
4.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1988)。Pragmatic strengthening and grammaticalization406-416。

學位論文
1.	陳淑青(2003)。Grammaticalization of Tioh in Taiwanese Southern Min。
2.	Liu, Mei-jun(1993)。Discourse, grammar, and grammaticalization: Synchronic and diachronic analysis of Mandarin adverbial markers jiu and cai。
3.	Wang, Chao-hui(2006)。Conditionals and Hypotheticality in Taiwanese: Interface between Form and Meaning。

圖書
1.	Levinson, S. C.(1995)。Three levels of meaning。Grammar and Meaning Essays in Honor of sir John Lyons。Cambridge, UK。
2.	Dasher, Richard B.、Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(2002)。Regularity in Semantic Change。Cambridge University Press。
3.	Heine, Bernd、Reh, Mechthild(1984)。Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages。Humburg：Hlemut Buske。
4.	Li, Wen-Chao(1999)。A diachronically-motivated segmental phonology of Mandarin Chinese。New York：Peter Lang Publishing Inc.。
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7.	Norman, Jerry L.(1988)。Chinese。Cambridge University Press。
8.	Hopper, Paul J.、Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(2003)。Grammaticalization。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
9.	Bybee, Joan L.、Perkins, Revere Dale、Pagliuca, William(1994)。The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World。University of Chicago Press。
10.	Hopper, Paul、Traugott, Elizazbeth Closs(1993)。Grammaticalization。Cambridge University Press。
11.	Lyons, John(1977)。Semantics。Cambridge University Press。
12.	鄭良偉、謝鄭淑娟(1977)。Phonological Structure and Romanization of Taiwanese Hokkian。Phonological Structure and Romanization of Taiwanese Hokkian。Taipei。
13.	Bybee, Joan、Pagliuca, William、Perkins, Revere D.(1991)。Back to the future。Approaches to Grammaticalization (2)。Amsterdam/Philadelphia。
14.	Chen, Peng-nian(2001)。Xin Jiao Song Ben Guang Yun。Xin Jiao Song Ben Guang Yun。Taipei。
15.	Cruse, D.(2001)。The lexicon。The Handbook of Linguistics。New Jersey。
16.	Horn, Laurence R.(1984)。Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature。Meaning, Form, and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications。Washington, D. C.。
17.	Jacobs, Andras、Jucker, Andreas H.(1995)。The historical perspective in pragmatics。Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English。Amsterdam/Philadephia。
18.	Lichtenberk, Frantisek(1991)。On the gradualness of grammaticalization。Approaches to Grammaticalization (1)。Amsterdam/Philadelphia。
19.	Peyraube, Alain(2004)。Classical Chinese volition modals。Chinese Grammar. Synchronic and diachronic perspectives。Oxford。
20.	Tzang, Ding-Sng(1980)。Taiwan Minnanyu Geyao Yianjiu（A study of Taiwanese. Southern Min folk songs）。Taiwan Minnanyu Geyao Yianjiu（A study of Taiwanese. Southern Min folk songs）。Taipei。
21.	Wu, Shouli(1975)。Qing Qianlung Jian Kan Tungchuang Qin Shuji Jiaoli [A Collation of the Butterfly Lovers Published in the Qianlung Reign Period of the Qing. Dynasty]。Qing Qianlung Jian Kan Tungchuang Qin Shuji Jiaoli [A Collation of the Butterfly Lovers Published in the Qianlung Reign Period of the Qing. Dynasty]。Tainan。
22.	Wu, Shouli(1995)。Min Tai Fangyan Yianjiu Ji [A Study of Southern Min Dialects]。Min Tai Fangyan Yianjiu Ji [A Study of Southern Min Dialects]。Taipei。
23.	Wu, Shouli(2001)。Ming Jiajing Kan Lijingji Xiwen Jiaoli [A Collation of the Story of Lizhi Published in the Jiajing Period of the Ming Dynasty]。Ming Jiajing Kan Lijingji Xiwen Jiaoli [A Collation of the Story of Lizhi Published in the Jiajing Period of the Ming Dynasty]。Tainan。
24.	Wu, Shouli(2001)。Qing Shunzhi Kan Lizhiji Xiwen Jiaoli [A Collation of the Story of. Lizhi Published in the Shunzhi Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty]。Qing Shunzhi Kan Lizhiji Xiwen Jiaoli [A Collation of the Story of. Lizhi Published in the Shunzhi Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty]。Tainan。
25.	Wu, Shouli(2001)。Qing Guangxu Kan Lizhiji Xiwen Jiaoli [A Collation of the Story of. Lizhi Published in the Guangxu Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty]。Qing Guangxu Kan Lizhiji Xiwen Jiaoli [A Collation of the Story of. Lizhi Published in the Guangxu Reign Period of the Qing Dynasty]。Tainan。

其他
1.	張妙霞(2003)。Volition verb movement in Taiwanese Southern Min and Mandarin Chinese。
2.	The Texts Database of Folk Songs in Sourthern Min Dialect。

圖書論文
1.	Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(1985)。Conditional markers。Iconicity in Syntax。John Benjamins。
2.	Ultan, Russell(1978)。The nature of future tenses。Universals of Human Language, vol. 3: Word Structure。Stanford University Press。
3.	Heine, Bernd(2002)。On the role of context in grammaticalization。New Reflections on Grammaticalization。John Benjamins Publishing Company。
4.	Traugott, Elizabeth C.、König, Ekkehard(1991)。The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited。Approaches to Grammaticalization。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。
5.	Grice, H. P.(1967)。Logic and conversation。Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts。New York：Academic Press。
6.	Hopper, Paul J.(1991)。On Some Principles of Grammaticalization。Approaches to Grammaticalization。John Benjamins。

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