一個國家的科技進步與該國的國力密切相關，是以各國在科技發展上均不遺餘力。由於日本多項科技發展比台灣先進，其促進科技發展之相關機構，及其執行之職能也與台灣有所差異，如何取法乎上，值得我國科技界及政府關注。本研究乃針對日本推動科研發展之日本學術振興會(JSPS)及日本科學技術振興機構(JST)，進行職能分析。日本學術振興會(JSPS)及日本科學技術振興機構(JST)兩者皆屬文部科學省管轄的部門。JSPS著重在學術研究方面，JST著重在科技研究方面。JSPS以獨立行政法人方式運作，是肩負日本學術振興的主要機關，進行科學研究費補助、培養研究人員及促進學術國際交流，尊重研究者自主性及創造性，廣泛的對研究活動進行支援。JST主要營運內容為相關新技術創新研究、新技術企業化研發、促進科學技術情報流通、關心研發的交流與支援，提升科學技術，協助大學或研究機構科學技術的研發，進而實現產業合作的目的。日本並透過有效的績效評估制度，令有限經費發揮最大效率之作法，可供我國借鏡。

National strength is closely related to it's technological progress, so every country spares no efforts on science and technology development. Due to scientific and technological development in Japan is much more advanced than what we have in Taiwan, and the promoting technology research and development institutions in Japan are so different from those in Taiwan, both industrial sector and the related public sector should pay very much attentions. For this purpose, this paper sheds light on the functions of two institutions-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).Both of JSPS and JST are independent administrative institutions under the auspices of the Ministry of Education. JSPS focuses on academic research, JST focuses on science and technology research. JSPS as an independent administrative institution, support for research initiatives. JSPS subsidies scientific research, trains researchers, promotes international academic exchanges, and respects the autonomy and creativity of researchers. The contents of JST are creating advanced technology; promoting business using advanced technology; promoting dissemination of scientific and technological information, researcher exchange and university research support; and promoting a public understanding of science and technology; so as to realize the purpose of industrial cooperation.Through effective performance appraisal system, Japanese Government make the limited funds to maximize the efficiency available. It becomes a great and important lesson to Taiwan.