India's Growing Presence in Health Services Trade? Challenges and Policy Options_

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題名：	India's Growing Presence in Health Services Trade? Challenges and Policy Options
書刊名：	WTO研究
作者：	德巴喜斯．查卡拉鮑迪／阿努吉．狄爾瓦瑞亞
作者(外文)：	Debashis Chakraborty／Anuj Dilwaria
出版日期：	2011
卷期：	20
頁次：	頁1-45
主題關鍵詞：	印度；貿易政策；醫療服務出口；勞工移動；India；Trade policy；Labour mobility；Medical service exports
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:0 點閱:36

自從1991年啟動結構調整計畫(structural adjustment program, 縮寫為SAP)以來，身為世界主要發展中國家之一的印度就一直維持著令人印象深刻的成長率。尤其是服務業的成長最引人注目。近期雖然印度服務業的各項出口都有增無減，但是醫療服務的出口卻佔有特殊的地位。各種形式的醫療服務出口此期間都一直維持增長的趨勢。本文主旨是試圖從未來的挑戰與選擇來檢視印度醫療服務出口的模式。結論是印度醫療服務的出口在可預見的未來可能將會持續，國內的改革、多邊協商與晚近印度所簽署的區域貿易協定（Regional Trade Agreements, 簡稱RTAs）將會扮演關鍵的角色。

以文找文

India, one of the major developing countries in the world, has shown an impressive growth trajectory since initiation of the structural adjustment program (SAP) in 1991. The growth of the service sector in particular has been quite impressive. While service sector exports from India have increased on various categories in recent period, the export of medical services holds a special position. The medical service exports from the country have increased in all the modes over the period covering categories like tele-medicine, tele-diagnostics, medical transcriptions, medical tourism, investments abroad and movement of Indian doctors, midwives and nurses to foreign countries etc. The current paper attempts to review India’s export pattern under this category, keeping in mind the future challenges and options. It concludes that export of medical services from India is likely to continue in coming future. The domestic reforms, multilateral negotiations and India’s entry into a number of RTAs in recent would play a key role in this regard.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Chaisse, Julien、Chakraborty, Debashis、Nag, Biswajit(2011)。A Note on India’s Recent Involvement in Trade Blocs (2003–2009): Regionally Sharpening the Multilateral Agenda?。Connecticut Journal of International Law，26(2)。
2.	Chanda, Rupa(2011)。India-EU relations in health services: prospects and challenges。Global Health，7(1)。
3.	Mishra, S.K.、Kapoor, L.、Singh, I.P.(2009)。Telemedicine in India: current scenario and the future。Telemedicine and ehealth，15(6)，568-575。
4.	Kinfu, Yohannes、Mario R Dal Poz、Hugo Mercerb、David B Evans(2009)。The health worker shortage in Africa: are enough physicians and nurses being trained?。Bull World Health Organ，87，225–230。
5.	Chakraborty, Debashis(2009)。Trade in Health Services: The Case of Cross-Border Movement of Nurses and Midwives。Gender and Trade Newsletter，9(3)。
6.	Economist(2005)。African migration: Home, sweet home - for some37-38。
7.	News Report(2007)。Pranab Mukherjee launches pilot projects of PAN。Africa Quarterly，47(2)，8。
8.	Robinson, Vaughan、Carey, Malcolm(2000)。Peopling Skilled International Migration: Indian Doctors in the UK。International Migration，38(1)，89-108。
9.	Shet, Arun S.(2008)。Physician migration: Trends and long term perspectives。The National Medical Journal of India，21(5)，246-247。
10.	Stokes, Bruce(2007)。Bedside India。National Journal，5。
11.	Athukorala, Prema-Chandra。Outward Foreign Direct Investment from India。Asian Development Review，26(2)，125–153。
12.	Bach, Stephen(2004)。Migration patterns of Physicians and Nurses: Still the same story?。Bulletin of the World Health Organization，82(8)，624-625。
13.	Buchan, James、Jobanputra, Renu、Gough, Pippa、Hutt, Ruth(2006)。Internationally recruited nurses in London: a survey of career paths and plans。Human Resources for Health，4(14)。

研究報告
1.	Arunanondchai, Jutamas、Fink, Carsten(2007)。‘Trade in Health Services in the ASEAN Region’。
2.	Mukherjee, Arpita、Mody, Aditi、Taneja, Nisha、Sachdeva, Ruchika(2003)。Indo-Singapore Trade in Services: Enhancing Co-operation。New Delhi。
3.	Buchan, James(2007)。The UK, Asia and International Recruitment of Nurses。Singapore。
4.	Cattaneo, Olivier(2009)。Trade in Health Services: What’s in it for Developing Countries?。Washington DC.。
5.	Chanda, Rupa(2001)。Trade In Health Services。New Delhi。
6.	Ganguly, Debjani(2005)。Barriers to Movement of Natural Persons: A Study of Federal, State, and Sector-specific Restrictions to Mode 4 in the United States of America。New Delhi。
7.	Gootiiz, Batshur、Mattoo, Aaditya(2009)。Services in Doha: What’s on the Table?。Washington DC.。
8.	Taneja, Nisha、Mukherjee, Arpita、Jayanetti, Sanath、Jayawardane, Tilani(2004)。Indo-Sri Lanka Trade in Services: FTA II and beyond。New Delhi。

圖書
1.	Ministry of Health、Family Welfare(1983)。National Health Policy。New Delhi。
2.	Ministry of Health、Family Welfare(2002)。National Health Policy。New Delhi。
3.	Pittman, Patricia、Folsom, Amanda、Bass, Emily、Leonhardy, Kathryn(2007)。U.S.-Based International Nurse Recruitment: Structure and Practices of a Burgeoning Industry。Washington DC.。
4.	Planning Commission(2008)。Report of the High Level Group on Services Sector。New Delhi。
5.	Prime Minister’s Office(2004)。National Common Minimum Programme。New Delhi。
6.	World Health Organisation(2006)。Poverty, Trade and Health: An Emerging Health Development issue。Geneva。
7.	Amnesty International(2006)。Caring for human rights: Challenges and opportunities for nurses and midwives。London。
8.	Buchan, James、Seccombe, Ian(2006)。Worlds Apart? The UK and International Nurses。London。
9.	Buchan, James、Kingma, Mireille、Lorenzo, F. Marilyn(2005)。International migration of nurses: trends and policy implications。Geneva。
10.	Clark University(2010)。Investing In India: A Guide to U.S. Investors’。Worcester, MA。
11.	Gupta, Indrani、Goldar, Bishwanath、Mitra, Arup(1998)。The Case of India。International Trade in Health Services: A Development Perspective。Geneva。
12.	Narayan, Jayaprakash(2009)。Ensuring a Healthy Future。Towards a Healthy Future? Indian and Global Experiences。New Delhi。
13.	Editorial(2007)。Medical Tourism。Gregorian。Lucknow。

其他
1.	Jain, Neha，Sinha, Sandeep(2009)。Wn DC.hite Paper on Healthcare Sector，http://tapmiblogs.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/white-paper-on-healthcare-sector.pdf， 20110520。
2.	India Law Offices(n.d.)。Indian Healthcare Sector，http://www.indialawoffices.com/pdf/healthcaresector.pdf， 20110520。
3.	European Union(2005)。Communication from the European Communities and its Member States: Conditional Revised Offer。
4.	Medical Tourism Export(2010)。Inflow of Foreign patients，http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs037/1102570284699/archive/1103662410739.html， 20110519。
5.	Government of India(2005)。India: Revised Offer。
6.	Government of United Kingdom, Department of Health(2004)。Code of Practice for the international recruitment of healthcare professionals，London。，http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/09/77/34/04097734.pdf。
7.	Herrick, Devon M.(2007)。Medical Tourism: Global Competition in Health Care，Dallas。
8.	Mediminds(n.d.)。Opportunities in Indian Healthcare Industry，http://www.mediminds.com/files/Indian%20Healthcare%20Industry%20Presentation.pdf， 20110520。
9.	High Commission of India, Colombo(2011)。India—Connects，http://www.hcicolombo.org/pdf/India_Connect.pdf， 20110708。
10.	Jha, Lalit K.(2011)。Americans need not visit India for cheap health care: Obama，http://in.news.yahoo.com/americans-not-visit-india-cheap-health-care-obama-063100035.html， 20110520。
11.	Kalam, APJ Abdul(2011)。Evolution of New India’, Address to the members of Indo-American Center Chicago，www.abdulkalam.com， 20110520。
12.	Ministry of Commerce(n.d.)。India’s Submissions to Trade partners，www.commerce.nic.in， 20110520。
13.	Kumar, Pranav，Simi T B(n.d.)。Barriers to Movement of Health Professionals: A Case Study of India，http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Trade_Agreement_Barriers_to_Movement_of_Healthcare_Professionals.pdf， 20110520。
14.	Ministry of External Affairs(2005)。India’s Foreign Relations Documents 2005，http://meaindia.nic.in/staticfile/meapublication/foreign%20relations%202005.pdf， 20110520。
15.	Medical Council of India(n.d.)。Annual Reports，http://www.mciindia.org/AboutMCI/AnnualReports.aspx， 20110519。
16.	Outsourcing Professionals(n.d.)。Medical Transcription Outsourcing，http://www.outsourcingprofessionals.com/medical-transcription.php， 20110520。
17.	Empower(n.d.)。JCAHO Compliance Training (Joint Commission)，http://www.empowerbpo.com/JCAHO_Compliance_Training.html， 20110520。
18.	(2011)。Lanka scraps visa on arrival for Indians，New Delhi。
19.	(2011)。Foreign Faculty in Med Colleges soon，New Delhi。
20.	(2011)。MCI gives nod to 21 new colleges, adds 1,800 seats，Mumbai。
21.	Chanda, Rupa。Foreign Investment in Hospitals in India: Status and Implications。
22.	Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Costs(n.d.)。Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Costs，http://www.cosmeticplasticsurgerystatistics.com/costs.html， 20110520。
23.	Dawson, Sarah，Pollard, Keith(2007)。Guide to Medical Tourism，http://www.doctorinternet.info/medical-travel-guide/comparing-the-costs/， 20110520。
24.	Todd, Stephen(n.d.)。Heart Surgery Costs – Why You Should Consider India，http://www.healtharticlebank.com/Article/Heart-Surgery-Costs---Why-You-Should-Consider-India/1438， 20110520。
25.	Yamagata, Tatsufumi(2007)。Securing Medical Personnel: Cases of Two Source Countries and Two Destination Countries，Tokyo。
26.	(2010)。Japan opens visa door to Indians，New Delhi。
27.	(2010)。UK shuts door on Indian docs，New Delhi。
28.	(2010)。Malaysia scraps visa on arrival for Indians，New Delhi。
29.	(2009)。Health is Hot: 4 new Firms Soon，New Delhi。
30.	(2007)。UK tightens entry norms，New Delhi。

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