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題名：論個人信用資訊於產險核保之應用與監理--以美國制度之發展為借鏡
書刊名：東海大學法學研究
作者：林建智 引用關係／李志峰 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lin, Jan-juy／Lee, Derek
出版日期：2011
卷期：35
頁次：頁219-282
主題關鍵詞：消費者保護；信用資訊；信用分數；財產保險；核保；危險估計；平等原則；對價平衡；Consumer protection；Credit information；Credit score；Property insurance；Underwriting；Risk appraisal；Principle of equity；Consideration
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:1560
  • 點閱點閱:78
個人信用資訊為消費者個人之財務管理及自我選擇行為之結果，可協助保險業在進行個人財產保險核保時，能更精確地估計危險。保險之本質乃是透過危險之篩選及評價，對於不同危險團體為區別性對待。因此，任何能夠協助精確估定被保險人危險移轉之訊息，均應提供保險人作為核保考量因素。然而，由於個人信用資訊於核保運用仍有缺失，對於特定少數種族及低收入族群有負面信用評價，導致他們於投保時承受不公平待遇，遂有消費者團體倡議，全面禁止個人信用資訊使用於個人財產保險之核保。本文除檢視贊成說及反對說之主張，並從保險本質及實質平等權之概念，探究個人信用資訊運用於保險核保之合法性與正當性。其次，介紹及分析美國相關制度與立法現況。最後，分析我國現況與潛在缺失，參酌美國成例提出建議作為未來制度規劃時之參考。
Individual credit information is the results of financial management and consumers' own choices and is able to assist the insurer to achieve risk appraisal more accurate in property insurance of personal lines. By its very nature, insurance is a system to discriminate risks among different classes of individuals. Any factors relevant to the assessment of the risks transferred from the policyholders should be supplied to the insurer for the risk underwriting. In the United States, due to some malpractices from the use of credit information in the insurance sector, some groups of specific minor races and low-incomes are discriminated by the negative effect from their credit information. As a result, from the view of consumer protectionists, it is argued to prohibit completely the use of individual credit information in personal property insurance.In addition to reviewing the assenting and dissenting views respectively, this paper explores the legality issue and justification of the use of individual credit information in personal property insurance, based on the nature of insurance and principle of equity. Furthermore, it studies and analyzes the current existing relevant law and regulation in the United States. By reference to the U.S. model, certain potential failures in Taiwan are identified and recommendations in regulation and legislation are submitted to the regulatory authorities for the system design in the future.
期刊論文
1.Shaffer, Gregory(2000)。Globalization and Social Protection: The Impact of EU and International Rules in the Ratcheting Up of U.S. Privacy Standards。Yale Journal of International Law，25，1-88。  new window
2.Maurer(1983)。Common Law Defamation and the Fair Credit Reporting Act。Geo. L. J.，72，95。  new window
3.李智仁(20041100)。人格權經濟利益之保障--個人公開權（Right of Publicity）之探討。法令月刊，55(11)，28-41。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.汪信君(20070300)。保險法告知義務之義務性質與不真正義務。國立臺灣大學法學論叢，36(1)，1-54。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.葉銀華、楊小娟(20070100)。中小企業信用風險評估因素--分析與納入信用資料 降低銀行之授信風險。會計研究月刊，254，60-69。  延伸查詢new window
6.Lee, Chih-Jen、Cheng, Shao-Yu(2006)。我國信用資訊機構之探索－沿革、法制與展望。全國律師 \=Taiwan Bar Journal，10(1)，52-67。  延伸查詢new window
7.Hsu, Ju-Hui(2008)。信用風險内部評等法架構下銀行使用外部資源之規範。臺灣經濟金融月刊 \=Taiwan Economic & Finance Monthly，526，47-52。  延伸查詢new window
8.Allen, Robert D. et al.(2008)。Supreme Court Ruling on the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Auto Insurers’ Use of Insurance Scores to Set Premiums。Def. Couns. J.，75(151)，153-159。  new window
9.Blair, Roger D.、Maurer, Virginia G.(1984)。Statute Law and Common Law: The Fair Credit Reporting Act。Mo. L. Rev.，49，289。  new window
10.Brokett, Patrick L.、Golden, Linda L.(2007)。Biological and Psychobehavioral Correlates of Credit Scores and Automobile Insurance Losses: Toward an Explication of Why Credit Scoring Works。J. Risk & Ins.，74(1)，23-63。  new window
11.Crossley, Mary(2005)。Discrimination Against the Unhealthy in Health Insurance。U. Kan. L. Rev.，54，73。  new window
12.Froomkin, A. Michael(2007)。Creating A Viral Federal Privacy Standard。B.C. L. Rev.，48，55。  new window
13.Goddard, William(2003)。Note and Commentary, Swimming in the Wake of Dehoyos: When Federal Courts Sail into Disparate Impact Waters, Will State Regulation of Insurance Remain above the Waves?。Conn. Ins. L.J.，10，369。  new window
14.Griffith, Elwin(1994)。The Quest for Fair Credit Reporting and Equal Credit Opportunity in Consumer Transactions。U. Memphis L. Rev.，25，37。  new window
15.Hellman, Deborah(2003)。What Makes Genetic Discrimination Exceptional?。Am. J.L. & Med.，29，77。  new window
16.Hillebrand, Gail(2004)。After the FACTA: State Power to Prevent Indemnity Theft。Loy. Consumer L. Rev.，17，53。  new window
17.McClure. Maghan F.(2008)。Notes and Comments, Adverse Action Notices under the FCRA: The Supreme Court Provides Guidance。N.C. Banking Inst.，12，273。  new window
18.O’Neill, Ian(2007)。Disparate Impact, Federal/State Tension and the Use of Credit Scores by Insurance Companies。Loy. Consumer L. Rev.，19，151。  new window
19.Zimmerman, Joseph(2007)。Dual Insurance Regulation: Is It Desirable?。J. Ins. Reg.，27(1)，3-22。  new window
20.American Academy of Actuaries(2002)。The Use of Credit History for Personal Lines of Insurance: Report to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners。\url\http://www.actuary.org/pdf/casualty/credit_dec02.pdf。  new window
學位論文
1.Lai, Min-Tzu(2005)。信用資訊與私權保護-由信用資訊之揭露與隱私權之衝突檢討個人信用資料保護法制。中原大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Lowry, John、Rawlings, Philip(2005)。Insurance Law: Doctrines and Principles。Hart Publishing。  new window
2.Eggers, Peter Macdonald、Picken, Simon、Foss, Patrick(2004)。Good Faith and Insurance Contract。London, UK：LLP Professional Publishing。  new window
3.柯澤東(1998)。商事法精論。今日。  延伸查詢new window
4.袁宗蔚(19920700)。保險學。臺北市：三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
5.江朝國(1995)。保險法基礎理論。瑞興圖書股份有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
6.凌氤寶、康裕民、陳森松(1998)。保險學--理論舆實務。台北市：華泰。  延伸查詢new window
7.許文義(2001)。個人資料保護法論。台北：三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
8.汪信君、廖世昌(2006)。保險法理論與實務。元照出版有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
9.吳庚(2001)。行政法之理論與實用。吳庚。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.法治斌、董保城(2005)。憲法新論。元照。  延伸查詢new window
11.林群弼(2008)。保險法論。三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
12.Chiang, Chao-Kuo(1993)。論我國保險法第六十四條據實說明義務之規定－以對價平衡之概念。保險法論文集 \=Insurance Law Symposium。  延伸查詢new window
13.Yeh, Chih-Chou(2007)。追溯保險之再檢討。保險法專題研究 \=Research on the Issues of Insurance Law。  延伸查詢new window
14.劉宗榮(200701)。新保險法。台北：劉宗榮。  延伸查詢new window
15.Pridgen, Dee、Alderman, Richard M.(2008)。Consumer Credit and the Law。  new window
16.Skipper, Harold D.、Kwon, W. Jean(2007)。Risk Management and Insurance: Perspective in a Global Economy。Malden, MA：Blackwell Publishing。  new window
其他
1.Alaska Division of Insurance(2003)。Insurance Credit Scoring in Alaska。  new window
2.Arkansas Insurance Department(2007)。Use and Impact of Credit in Personal Lines Insurance Premiums Pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. §23-67-415。  new window
3.Bureau of Business Research of University of Texas at Austin(2003)。A Statistical Analysis of the Relationship Between Credit Histoiy and Insurance Losses。  new window
4.Candace Heckman(2004)。Study Assails Accuracy of Credit Reports。  new window
5.CEJ。Insurance Credit Scoring。  new window
6.Center for Economic Justice。Insurance Credit Scoring。  new window
7.Wu, Cheng-Sheng Peter，Guszcza, James C.(2003)。Does Credit Score Really Explain Insurance Losses?。  new window
8.Wu, Chi Chi，Birnbaum, Bimy(2007)。Credit Scoring and Insurance: Costing Consumers Billions and Perpetuating the Economic Racial Divide 16。  new window
9.Conning & Company(2001)。Insurance Scoring in Personal Automobile Insurance- Breaking the Silence。  new window
10.EPIC(2003)。The Relationship of Credit-Based Insurance Scores to Private Passenger Automobile Insurance Loss Propensity An Actuarial Study。  new window
11.(2003)。FACTA。  new window
12.Fair Isaac(1999)。Predictiveness of Credit History for Insurance Loss Ratio Relativities。  new window
13.Federal Trade Commission(2007)。Credit-Based Insurance Scores: Impacts on Consumers of Automobile Insurance。  new window
14.Fitzgerald, Frank M.(2002)。Commissioner, Office of Finance and Insurance Services, The Use of Insurance Credit Scoring In Automobile and Home Owners Insurance: A Report to the Governor, the Legislature and the People of Mich。  new window
15.FTC(2007)。Credit-Based Insurance Scores: Impacts on Consumers of Automobile Insurance。  new window
16.I.I.I.(2009)。Credit Scoring。  new window
17.Monaghan, James E.(2000)。The Impact of Personal Insurance Credit History on Loss Performance in Personal Lines。  new window
18.Maryland Insurance Administration(2004)。Report on the Credit Scoring Data of Insurers in Maryland。  new window
19.Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Services(2002)。The Use of Insurance Credit Scoring In Automobile and Homeowners Insurance。  new window
20.Missouri Department of Insurance(2004)。Insurance-Based Credit Scores: Impact on Minority and Low Income Populations in Missouri。  new window
21.NAIC(2008)。Compliance Grid: Credit-Based Insurance Scoring Laws。  new window
22.NAIC(1997)。Credit Reports and Insurance Underwriting。  new window
23.NAIC(2008)。Review of the Use of Credit-Based Insurance Scoring By Insurers 2。  new window
24.NAMIC。State Laws Governing Insurance Scoring Practices。  new window
25.Texas Department of Insurance(2004)。Use of Credit Information by Insurers in Texas: The Multivariate Analysis。  new window
26.The Washington Times(2003)。Maryland Ban on Credit Scores Raises Home Insurance。  new window
27.U.S. PRIG(2004)。Mistakes Do Happen: A Look at Errors in Consumer Credit Reports。  new window
28.Use of Credit Scores in Personal Line Insurance Rating。  new window
29.Washington Office of Insurance Commissioner(2003)。A Report to the Legislature - Effect of Credit Scoring on Auto Insurance Underwriting and Pricing。  new window
30.(2007)。公路局：裁決書將加裝信封避免資料外洩。  延伸查詢new window
31.(2007)。銀行洩漏個人資料？台新老總出面喊冤！。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.施文森(1998)。論社會保險權益之性質。司法院大法官釋憲五十週年紀念論文集。臺北：司法院。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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